<p>Camp Pine Knot, also known as Huntington Memorial Camp, on Raquette Lake in the Adirondack Mountains of New York State, was built by William West Durant. Begun in 1877, it was the first of the "Adirondack Great Camps" and epitomizes the "Great Camp" architectural style. Elements of that style include log and native stonework construction, decorative rustic items of branches and twigs, and layout as a compound of separated structures. It is located on the southwest tip of Long Point, a two mile long point extending into Raquette Lake, in the Town of Long Lake in Hamilton County, New York.</p><br>
<p>The camp consists of some two dozen buildings, including a seven-room "Swiss Cottage", four "Log Cottages" of one to three rooms, two frame cottages of three and five rooms, a "Glass Dining Room", and a five-stall horse barn and wagon shed. Covered walkways connect many of the buildings. There was also the Barque, a 20 by 60 foot four-room bark cabin built on a log raft, used to escape from the dreaded black fly in the spring; it was fully equipped, with a kitchen, bath, and running water.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Pine Knot was started by Durants father, railroad developer Thomas C. Durant, as a showplace to draw investors to Durants holdings, but it was William West Durant that would develop it into the remarkable model for Adirondack Great Camps to follow. In 1895 West sold the camp to wealthy industrialist Collis P. Huntington.</p><br>
<p>The camp went unused from the start of the 20th century until 1947, when it was sold to the State University of New York at Cortland for 1 dollar, for use as their Outdoor Education center. Due to the soundness of its construction, despite its long disuse, the buildings required little repair. The Barque is being rebuilt.</p><br>
<p>The camp was included in a multiple property submission for listing on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986, was in fact listed in 1986,</p><br>
<p>Luna Island is a very small uninhabited island in the Niagara River, located in the U. S. state of New York.</p><br>
<h2>Location and features</h2><br>
<p>Luna Island is located in Niagara Falls, New York between Goat Island and Niagara Falls State Park.</p><br>
<p>It is between the American Falls and Bridal Veil Falls, which are two of the three waterfalls that make up Niagara Falls. It is approximately 130 ft wide (between the two falls) and 350 ft long (extending upstream from the falls). The geology of the island is dolostone rock and concrete base in the area around the falls. White cedar trees cover the south end of the island and shrubs along north end. The original bridge to the island was wooden, added in the 1800s, and replaced with the current bridge in the 20th century.</p><br>
<h3>Spectator opportunities</h3><br>
<p>Spectators can view the falls from Luna Island and the proximate Goat Island, both of which are accessible by pedestrian bridges that cross the rapids of the Niagara River upstream from the falls. Spectators on Luna Island can stand a few feet away from both Bridal Veil Falls and American Falls by walking across the island. Representatives of the nearby Schoellkopf Geological Museum often come to Luna Island where they bring photographs and answer questions about Niagara Falls.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The island is said to derive its name from the ability of an observer, when standing on the island during a full moon, to see "lunar rainbows" in the Niagara mist.</p><br>
<p>Sproat Lake, named after entrepreneur and colonial official Gilbert Malcolm Sproat, is a lake in central Vancouver Island. It was known as Kleecoot  by local indigenous people until it was renamed in Sproat&#39;s honour in 1864 by Dr. Robert Brown, who was leading an exploration expedition of the island.</p><br>
<p>Roughly cross-shaped with four arms, it is over 25 kilometres in length, but has 300 kilometres of shoreline. Home of the last Martin Mars type waterbombers, and near Port Alberni, Sproat Lake is a popular summer recreational area for the Alberni Valley. Highway 4 runs along its scenic north shore.</p><br>
<h2>Parks</h2><br>
<p>In addition to a number of lakeside residences, the lake has three provincial parks on its shores: Sproat Lake Provincial Park, Taylor Arm Provincial Park, and Fossli Provincial Park.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological data</h2><br>
<p>Although Sproat Lake is best known for being a scenic vacation spot, it is known to most archaeologists as a site left over by Archaic people no older than 11,000 BCE. The bow and arrow reached the region sometime early in this period, between 750 and 100 (cal) BCE (Blitz 1988; Pettigrew 1990; Ross 1990). The K’ak’awin petroglyph may represent a mythical or actual sea creature from ancient times. Many believe that they were carved by ancestors of the Nootka people from British Columbia, but there is no concrete evidence pointing to them. Not much is actually known about the people who created them.</p><br>
<p>The Alberni Valley is located on Vancouver Island. It is home to Port Alberni, Sproat Lake and other outlining areas. The term is largely used as a synonym for Greater Port Alberni and adjoining communities but is used in a larger regional sense as well. Various local organizations and companies use the term "Alberni Valley" in their name, e.g. the Alberni Valley Times and Alberni Valley News newspapers the Alberni Valley Chamber of Commerce and the Alberni Valley Bulldogs minor hockey team. The Canadian pioneer, Joe Drinkwater lived in Alberni Valley during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Mount Arrowsmith is the largest mountain on southern Vancouver Island. It has some of the most accessible alpine and sub-alpine areas for Victoria and other large towns on the Island. These zones contain several rare and endangered species of plants and animals, the most notable of which is the Vancouver Island Marmot, which has the dubious distinction of being Canada&#39;s rarest mammal. Although the mountain is contained within a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve it is not part of a park. Efforts are currently underway to confer official park status on the alpine areas of the Arrowsmith massif and surrounding areas.</p><br>
<p>Beaufort Range North of Port Alberni and west of Qualicum Beach.</p><br>
<p>Ash Lake</p><br>
<p>Buttle Lake</p><br>
<p>Cameron Lake</p><br>
<p>Devils Den Lake</p><br>
<p>Dickson Lake</p><br>
<p>Doran Lake</p><br>
<p>Elsie Lake</p><br>
<p>Esary Lake</p><br>
<p>Father and Son Lake</p><br>
<p>Gracie Lake</p><br>
<p>Great Central Lake is a large lake in the Alberni Valley The lake has a surface area of 51 square kilometres and a maximum depth of 294 m. It takes its name from the fact that it is a large lake in the center of Vancouver Island.</p><br>
<p>Henderson Lake (British Columbia)</p><br>
<p>Henry Lake</p><br>
<p>Horne Lake</p><br>
<p>Kammat Lake</p><br>
<p>Kennedy Lake is the largest lake on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Located northeast of Ucluelet on the Island&#39;s central west coast, the lake is formed chiefly by the confluence of the Clayoquot and Kennedy Rivers.</p><br>
<p>Labour Day Lake</p><br>
<p>Lacy Lake</p><br>
<p>Little Toquart Lake</p><br>
<p>Lizard Pond</p><br>
<p>Lowry Lake</p><br>
<p>Long Lake</p><br>
<p>McLaughlin Lake</p><br>
<p>Maggie Lake</p><br>
<p>Marshy Lake</p><br>
<p>Muriel Lake</p><br>
<p>Nahmint Lake</p><br>
<p>Nitinat Lake</p><br>
<p>Sproat Lake, named after Gilbert Malcolm Sproat, is a lake in central Vancouver Island. Home of the last Martin Mars Waterbombers, and nearby to Port Alberni.</p><br>
<p>Tsable Lake</p><br>
<p>Toquart Lake</p><br>
<p>Turnbull Lake</p><br>
<p>Turtle Lake</p><br>
<p>Uchuck Lake</p><br>
<p>Stamp Falls</p><br>
<p>Stamp River</p><br>
<p>Somass River</p><br>
<p>Kennedy River</p><br>
<p>Ash River</p><br>
<p>Taylor River</p><br>
<p>Rogers Creek</p><br>
<p>China Creek</p><br>
<p>Drinkwater Creek</p><br>
<p>Cherry Creek</p><br>
<p>Beaver Creek</p><br>
<p>Sproat River</p><br>
<p>Alberni Inlet is a long, narrow inlet in Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, that stretches from the Pacific Ocean at Barkley Sound about 40 km inland terminating at Port Alberni.</p><br>
<p>Barkley Sound</p><br>
<p>Della Falls Della Falls is a waterfall in Strathcona Provincial Park on Vancouver Island. It is widely regarded as the tallest in Canada.</p><br>
<h2>First Nations</h2><br>
<p>First Nations cultures are an essential part of the Alberni Valley’s makeup. The Tseshaht and the Hupacasath are two of the tribes that make up the Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council.</p><br>
<p>Nafpaktia , Latinized Naupactia, is the historical name for the region around the port town of Nafpaktos  in Central Greece.</p><br>
<p>It is also the name of a municipality in the Aetolia-Acarnania regional unit, West Greece region, Greece. The seat of the municipality is the town Nafpaktos. The municipality has an area of 876.209 km.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>The municipality Nafpaktia was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 6 former municipalities, that became municipal units:</p><br>
<p>Antirrio</p><br>
<p>Apodotia</p><br>
<p>Chalkeia</p><br>
<p>Naupactus</p><br>
<p>Platanos</p><br>
<p>Pyllini</p><br>
<h3>Province</h3><br>
<p>The province of Nafpaktia (Επαρχία Ναυπακτίας) was one of the provinces of the Aetolia-Acarnania Prefecture. Its territory corresponded with that of the current municipality Nafpaktia. It was abolished in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Nafpaktia is one of the most popular mountainous areas in Greece for its scenery, and the availability of outdoor activities such as trekking, biking, horseback-riding, and archery. The approximately 60 villages of the region are built at altitudes of 700 to 1000 m and are located from 30 to 90 km away of Nafpaktos, surrounded by rich vegetation and natural springs.</p><br>
<p>Elatou is approximately one hour away from Nafpaktos and is built in a pine forest. This small, picturesque settlement is built amphitheatrically, while it only has a few permanent residents. Another popular village is Ano Chora. It used to be called Megali Lobotina, while it has a population of 30. It has narrow cobblestone paths and traditional houses, while there are many guesthouses, which are quite popular in the winter months. Katafygio is also one of the historical villages in mountainous Nafpaktia. The village is built at an altitude of 650 m, and abstains 33 km from Nafpaktos. Katafygio in the old days was named Amorani.</p><br>
<p>Canning Downs was the first residential establishment built by a white person on the Darling Downs in Queensland, Australia. It is located a short drive from the town of Warwick and originally extended south east to Killarney and the McPherson Range. The area was first named after the British statesman George Canning by Allan Cunningham.</p><br>
<p>The fertile lands around the upper reaches of the Condamine River provided an excellent site for the home of early settler, Patrick Leslie. The station was first declared in the name of Walter Leslie on 7 July 1840.</p><br>
<p>Canning Downs Homestead is the heritage-listed homestead at Canning Downs. It was built from 1847 to 1900. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Canning Downs Station on the Darling Downs was established by the Leslie brothers in 1840 although the official licensee of Canning Downs was Ernest Elphinstone Dalrymple (who died in 1844 and left the property to the Leslie brothers). The principal timber slab residence on the homestead is likely to date from 1847–8, and has experienced several major additions over 150 years. The stables appear to date from the late 1850s.</p><br>
<p>Patrick Leslie, the second son of William and Jane (née Davidson) Leslie of Warthill, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, arrived in Australia in May 1835 with the intention of establishing a pastoral holding. Such was the intention of many young British men who saw opportunities for earning sufficient money and returning to their homeland financially secure with an assured income from the established property. It is thought that the haste with which Patrick Leslie proceeded in securing his fortune was the cause of the considerable financial troubles which beset him thereafter.</p><br>
<p>Upon his arrival in Australia, Patrick spent several years employed on stations first by the Macarthurs of Camden and then by his uncle WS Davidson at Collaroi. When Patricks younger brothers, Walter and George, arrived in Australia in 1839, the three decided to explore the unsettled Darling Downs in search of land for a station of their own. Tales of the fertile Downs region had reached Patrick Leslie after Allan Cunninghams discovery of the area in 1827.</p><br>
<p>After reaching the Downs the Leslie Brothers quickly marked out land for their station which they named Canning Downs. Adjacent land was taken up by a friend, Ernest Dalrymple, for his station, Goomburra. It was soon clear to the Leslies that the run marked by them was too large and they moved their head station to what remained the Canning Downs portion of the run with the remainder becoming the Toolburra run.</p><br>
<p>Though all three brothers were in fact partners in the Canning Downs run, Patrick&#39;s name was omitted from all documentation regarding occupation of the place owing to his financial troubles. An arrangement formalising the ownership or lease of the Canning Downs run by the Leslies was slow in coming and their tenuous hold over the land was a source of constant worry as demonstrated in the letters written by the brothers to their family in Scotland. Patrick wrote in April 1841 that the Commissioner for Crown Lands had visited the station and given the brothers a letter of authorisation allowing them to retain the run. This letter also mentions that the headstation was originally located south of the 1841 buildings. New buildings were constructed in late 1841, when the brothers feared encroachment of their run by the new comers on the Downs who were causing considerable aggravation to the Leslie brothers.</p><br>
<p>By 1842 the Leslie brothers were in dire financial trouble, borrowing money from their father, and another brother living in China to simply maintain the station. All three brothers were forced to assume roles of active stockmen to reduce wage bills. Wool prices were low, labour was expensive and supplies were difficult to transport to the Downs. Patrick spent substantial amounts of time during the early 1840s in Dunheved, a farm leased by him near Penrith, Sydney. He married Katherine Macarthur, daughter of Hannibal Hawkins Macarthur of The Vineyard, Parramatta in September 1840, and the two remained living on the Macarthurs&#39; station, before returning to Canning Downs in 1842.</p><br>
<p>At Canning Downs a cottage costing £35 and of unspecified material was built for the return of Patrick and his bride. Upon their return it was arranged that Patrick would oversee the cultivation and horse stock, Walter would manage the sheep and George the cattle.</p><br>
<p>Further financial concerns saw Patrick withdraw from Canning Downs and purchase a block of land in Brisbane on which he built a cottage which was to become Newstead House. Meanwhile, the Station was suffering from a prolonged absence of Walter Leslie. An interesting letter written by George to his parents in May 1845 details the plans for improvements to Canning Downs, including a new hut and stables, which he says will be constructed about 400 yards lower down the river.</p><br>
<p>Letters written by Walter and George during 1846 and 1847 indicate that improvements to the value of £1200-£1500 were planned and these were to include the construction of a "good house". In early December 1848, George married Emmeline Macarthur, who was another of the daughters of Hannibal Hawkins Macarthur, father of Patricks wife. From Emmelines memoirs it seems that the house in which she lived at Canning Downs upon her arrival after the wedding was a "cottage...built of wood, painted white and lined with canvas, and pretty room papers, thoroughly and prettily furnished and surrounded by a white verandah". She continues on to say that a church service was held in a small hall of the house every Sunday at 11.00am for "several of our neighbours...employees and friends which produced quite a congregation". Emmeline suggests that their accommodation at Canning Downs was unusual,"the cottage only afforded two spare rooms and with the chance of six friends suddenly appearing such accommodation was impossible. At the end of our cottage and parallel to our own, and divided by a covered way, the sides and verandah covered with vines, was a long building devoted to servants, storeroom and offices. We had one very large room and six folding beds made on (the) principal of a long camp stool, called a stretcher. They were seldom all unoccupied and not infrequently all were in request."She also talks of French windows opening onto the verandah from both the hall and her bedroom. This description of the 1848 residence at Canning Downs suggests that the house into which Emmeline and George moved was, indeed, the timber slab house still today used as the residence. The long building referred to in the above description would then be the kitchen wing of the present structure. A sketch by Conrad Martens done in March 1852 provides further evidence of this. This shows the residence as a house with hipped roof, verandahs and shuttered French windows with a kitchen wing at the rear. Notes at the top of the sketch suggest that the building was white with "green venetians", presumably a reference to the fixed louvre shutters.</p><br>
<p>In 1847 the New South Wales government asked Patrick Leslie selected a part of the property to divide into smaller allotments for a township, which was to be called Cannington, although the name Warwick was eventually chosen. Land sales were held in 1850, and the first allotment was bought by Leslie.</p><br>
<p>Life on the Downs during the time of the Leslie occupation was quite difficult and financial problems burdened the squatters. The discovery of gold fields in Australia further increased the price and scarcity of labour on stations. Early searches for gold were carried out on the Darling Downs, not only with the intention of actually finding mineral rich fields, but also in a desperate attempt to lure workers and servants into the area. Searches for gold at Canning Downs resulted in the discovery of the Lucky Plains Goldfields which allowed George Leslie to realise his aspirations of wealth and make plans to return to his family in Scotland. Emmeline and George did not remain at Canning Downs for very long, leaving for a years rest in Scotland in the early 1850s and returning to Australia only to see the Station sold to Georges cousin, Gilbert Davidson for £50,000 on January 7, 1854.</p><br>
<p>Davidson was the only son of Walter Stevenson Davidson, a close friend of John Macarthur of Camden. The Davidson managed and owned various pastoral stations in New South Wales, including Collaroi on which Patrick Leslie worked upon his arrival in Australia.</p><br>
<p>Though little documentary evidence has been located, it seems that the quadrangular stable block was built during Davidson&#39;s ownership of Canning Downs which lasted only until 1865. The Sydney Morning Herald of 26 November 1859 reports on an extensive fire at Canning Downs, which started in the stables. The report continues to say that "a large range of buildings, nearly forty yards long, and comprising hayloft and coach house, were entirely consumed...It was apparently owing to the direction of the wind that the dwelling-houses were not also destroyed". The extant stables are thought to have been constructed after this fire, from bricks hand made from Killarney clay at a cost of £3000.</p><br>
<p>The stable, when built and extant today, is a square planned building with an open central courtyard. The roofs of the four sides of the building are clad with corrugated iron, and this iron is believed to have been in one of the earliest shipments of corrugated iron to Queensland. All corrugated iron was imported to Australia until 1921 when Lysaghts began its manufacture. The material was used in Melbourne as early as 1852, but manufacturers were still experimenting with galvanising, a method of coating iron with zinc. Early galvanising techniques were primitive and involved dipping the sheets into molton zinc, resulting in large deposits of zinc on the iron which protected the material much better than the latter mechanised techniques. Thus many early corrugated iron roofs have remained remarkably intact.</p><br>
<p>This may be the case with the corrugated iron roof of the stable at Canning Downs, which, according to photographs and oral history has not been altered since construction in about 1859. The roof retains four iron ventilators on the pyramidal sections over the four corners of the building, which also appear in the earliest photographs of the structure. The roof framing is a series of closely spaced trusses with battens, further apart than is needed for shingles but much closer than standard corrugated iron roof framing. It is thought that because the technology of iron clad roofing was novel and little understood, the framing was cautiously planned and overcompensated for the actual weight of the iron.</p><br>
<p>Several early photographs of the residence and stables at Canning Downs survive from the time of Davidson&#39;s ownership. These show a substantial timber slab house with a steeply pitched hipped roof of shingles, and shingled verandah awnings surrounding the building. French doors open onto the verandahs. Davidson may have replace the shingled roof of the main residence with a corrugated iron roof as one of the photographs apparently dating from this time shows the replacement occurring.</p><br>
<p>Davidson owned Canning Downs until 1865, when on the 18th November he sold the entire station to Frederick John Cobb Wildash. The property comprising 3040 acres with 53,700 sheep, 5000 cattle, 70 horses and improvements was sold for £100,000. A default on repayments to Alexander McDonald and Charles Smith, merchants of Sydney, who loaned money to Wildash for the property, saw Canning Downs sold again on June 4, 1874 to John Donald Macansh.</p><br>
<p>Macansh, a Scot, emigrated to Australia after the death of his father, with his mother and siblings. After managing various stations in New South Wales, Macansh moved to Queensland and undertook the management of Canning Downs. In 1886 Macansh was appointed to the Queensland Legislative Assembly, and he was generally held in high esteem by the community in which he lived. After his death on 1 August 1896 Canning Downs was managed by a family trust comprising his eleven children.</p><br>
<p>During the time of their management extensive alterations were carried out on the residence. Local Warwick architects, Wallace and Gibson undertook extensions of the house in 1898–1899. The architects, a partnership of William Wallace and Richard Gibson, designed many buildings in and around Warwick including St George&#39;s Masonic Hall and the Barnes & Co department store in Palmerin Street. The extensions at Canning Downs comprised the addition of timber wings abutting either side of the principal residence. Both of which were rectangular planned with hipped corrugated iron roofs and discrete verandah awnings on the front and side elevations. The wings were timber framed and clad with chamfered horizontal boarding, with decorative timber features including cross-braced balustrading and fretwork column brackets.</p><br>
<p>The Canning Downs estate was then subdivided, and that portions containing the residence and stables was sold to Henry Richard Needham on March 2, 1906 who owned it only until January 9, 1918 the ownership of the Canning Downs Homestead was transferred to John Hawkins Smith and Sara Barnes, parents of the present owner Charles Edward Barnes. The Barnes family were a prominent horse-breeding and horse racing family who owned the Lyndhurst pastoral station in far north Queensland. Canning Downs became an important stud, with many successful racing horses reared there.</p><br>
<p>Soon after the Barnes family moved to Canning Downs in 1918 a large porch was added to the house, in the popular Californian Bungalow style. At this time other cosmetic alterations were undertaken.</p><br>
<p>During the 1970s the corrugated iron roof of the residence, including the kitchen wing was replaced with a decromastic tile roof. Recently extensive work has been undertaken on the residence. The porch was removed, the verandahs enclosed with aluminium framed glazing, the interior has been entirely re-worked and the decromastic tile roof replaced on the central section of the residence with a new corrugated iron roof.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Canning Downs Homestead is a complex of buildings including a timber residence with kitchen wing, brick stables and outbuildings. The Homestead is picturesquely situated facing eastward, looking over wide plains to the Great Dividing Range.</p><br>
<p>The central core of the residence has a simple rectangular plan with steeply pitched corrugated iron hipped roof on the eastern side of which is a projecting hipped section. This section of the building is constructed from vertical timber slabs housed in rebated sections at the base and top of the walls. Within the principal entrance facade of the building, under the projecting hipped section of the roof, denoting the former porch are four aluminium framed glazed sliding doors slightly projecting from the face of the flanking external walls. Adjacent to these doors evidence is retained of the Bungalow additions to the house, with grouped chamfered columns on tapering stuccoed masonry bases.</p><br>
<p>The rear of the central core is lined with a verandah supported on timber posts and joined at roof level to the covered walkway linking this building with the kitchen wing. Internally the central core has been subject to many alterations recently, with only the now stripped stone fireplaces retaining evidence of the former house. From the eastern enclosed verandah a principal entrance door of timber opens onto an entrance area from which access is provided to the dining room to the south and another room to the west which runs the length of the house and from where access is provided to the side wings. Two full length vertical sash windows provide access from the enclosed verandah to the dining room.</p><br>
<p>This central core is abutted on the north and south ends by added wings also with hipped roofs and with overhanging verandah awnings all clad with slate grey decromastic tiles. The verandahs of the wings have been infilled; the base of the infilled wall being formed by squared rubble sandstone walls, the sandstone for which was got from a stone cottage on the site. Above these walls are aluminium framed glazing. The wings are constructed from horizontal chamfered timber boarding, and several full length vertical sash windows and French doors open onto the verandah from the various internal rooms.</p><br>
<p>The kitchen wing runs north-south parallel to the house and is joined to it by a walkway with a pitched decromastic tiled awning. A low verandah awning on the west elevation of the kitchen is supported on squared timber posts. The building is constructed from vertical timber slabs*. Under the verandah awning access is provided to the three major rooms which constitute the wing, through single doorways housing timber doors. A tapering brick chimney shaft abuts the eastern side of the wing, and this is flanked by a rendered masonry wall section.</p><br>
<p>To the south of the residence complex is a large fenced area containing established trees and planting and remnants of an early trellis and garden walkway. Adjacent to this are many buildings, most of which have been moved to this site from further lying reaches of the station. These buildings include a corrugated iron clad tank stand with storage sheds; a small corrugated iron clad building with a gabled corrugated iron roof; two timber boarded buildings and a concrete block enclosure.</p><br>
<p>Beyond these buildings, to the east of the residence is the brick stable block. This is a quadrangular building; four long wings joined to form a square surrounding an internal grassed courtyard. The building has an overhanging pitched corrugated iron roof which is hipped over the four corners and surmounting the peaks thus formed are iron ventilators. The corner blocks of the building project slightly from the face of adjacent walls.</p><br>
<p>The principal entrance to the stables is on the north side of the building, where a centrally located gateway emphasised on the roof line by projecting pyramidal roof feature. The external elevation of the building are quite simple with timber doorways and high level window openings. Those elevation facing inward toward the courtyard are more complex, with an assortment of timber paling and latticework gates and timber boarded doors. Internally the building houses a series of stables.</p><br>
<p>Extending from the south elevation is a low one storeyed timber wing, of vertical slab construction, providing further equine accommodation which is more exposed to the weather. There are various timber weatherboard additions to the western side of the building.</p><br>
<p>Adjacent to the stables are early outbuildings and grounds associated with the principal building. Many small fenced paddocks and pens survive, as does a large storage shed.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Canning Downs Homestead was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Canning Downs, one of the earliest homesteads established on the Darling Downs provides remarkable evidence of the pastoral and agricultural growth of South East Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Although the age of the various buildings comprising the residence is unknown, it is likely that at least some of the structures date from the Leslie occupation of the run in the 1840s and early 1850s, making this a rare and early example of residential building in Queensland. The brick stables are rare in their form and age, and may have some of the earliest corrugated iron roofing used in Queensland, demonstrating the development of this technology.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Great potential exists for further archaeological research on both the buildings and grounds at Canning Downs which are intact despite a long and varied history.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The residence and the stables, with associated grounds including the gardens, paddocks and driveway, provide a good example of a mid-nineteenth century pastoral run. The stables are an excellent and intact example of a building of this type.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The buildings and grounds have aesthetic value, increased by their situation and context. The stable is a well composed structure of great architectural merit. The gardens and grounds surrounding these buildings contribute to their setting. Many established trees and early garden areas are of importance.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>The brick stables are rare in their form and age, and may have some of the earliest corrugated iron roofing used in Queensland, demonstrating the development of this technology.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The station is of cultural importance to Queenslanders as one of the earliest European homes surviving in the state.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Canning Downs is associated with many people of importance to Queensland history including Patrick, George and Walter Leslie and their families who were instrumental in opening the Darling Downs for pastoral runs and settlement.</p><br>
<p>Eldorado Mountain is a mountain summit on the eastern flank of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains of North America. The 8,344 ft peak is located 13.1 km south by west  of downtown Boulder, Colorado, United States. The mountain is largely in Boulder County but it straddles the border and its southern flanks are located in Jefferson County. Its name was probably borrowed from the nearby community of Eldorado Springs.</p><br>
<h2>Ownership</h2><br>
<p>On the Boulder County side, about half of the mountain is owned by the City of Boulder; other large parcels are owned by Boulder County, Eldorado Canyon State Park and the Bureau of Land Management. On the Jefferson County side, various parcels are owned by private parties.</p><br>
<h2>Dimensions</h2><br>
<p>The lowest part of the mountain is its northeast toe with an elevation of about 5,800 ft—giving the mountain a total height of about 2,500 ft. At its longest, the mountain measures about two miles (3 km) across on a south-east axis. The summit is owned by the City of Boulder. The City has a policy that restricts public access to this part of its holdings, and there is no trail going to the summit.</p><br>
<p>Near the top of the mountain is a large antenna field with two buildings overlooking the steep slope on the east. The radio station KBCO transmits from this site. The site is reached by a private dirt road that starts further south in Plainview (a small community with less than a dozen homes) and then climbs the steep southern flanks.</p><br>
<h2>East side</h2><br>
<p>On the east flank of Eldorado Mountain is its largest cliff, Mickey Mouse Wall. When viewed from the north, two buttresses at the top of the cliff look like a pair of mouse ears. But, from the east, Mickey Mouse looks just like one of the flatirons. The only trail on this side of the mountain is a climber&#39;s trail accessing Mickey Mouse Wall. (As of September 2007, the City of Boulder was planning to re-align this trail.) Also on the east flank are the remains of the Conda Quarry, covering about 7 acre. The quarry operated from the 1950s through the 1980s. In 1992, in order to preserve the land as open space, the City of Boulder purchased the quarry along with the underlying land and mining rights. Later, the City undertook a reclamation project on the site, although the quarry is still visible. Down from the quarry on the access road is the Eldorado Mountain Yoga Ashram.</p><br>
<h2>South side</h2><br>
<p>To the immediate south of the mountain is Bull Gulch, which becomes the Doudy Draw, first heading eastward but then turning northward and joining South Boulder Creek.</p><br>
<h2>West side</h2><br>
<p>From the saddle between Eldorado Mountain and Crescent Mountain an abandoned road descends to the railroad tracks. To the west of the mountain is South Draw, a small basin that drains into South Boulder Creek.</p><br>
<h2>North side</h2><br>
<p>To the north of the mountain is South Boulder Creek, a large creek that starts near the Continental Divide, passes through Gross Reservoir and later joins Boulder Creek about six miles (10 km) downstream. Located along this creek is Eldorado Canyon State Park. Within the Park is the Rattlesnake Gulch Trail that climbs about halfway up the north flank of Eldorado Mountain. Near the top of this trail is the site of the former Crags Hotel, which was in business from 1908 until 1913 when it burned down. The Park has converted the hotel ruins into a historic site for visitors. When it was operating, the hotel also ran a funicular that went down from the hotel to the creek. Still on the north side are three thin cliffs bands lined in a single column—Continental Crag, Upper Peanuts Wall, and Lower Peanuts Wall—from top to bottom. At the very base of the flank is the famous tower-like Bastille. Further down the creek is the unincorporated community of Eldorado Springs.</p><br>
<h2>Railroads and aqueducts</h2><br>
<p>On the northern flanks of the mountain are four different lines: two railroad grades and two aqueducts. The top-most line (located at about the 7,100 ft level) is a railroad line owned and operated by Union Pacific Railroad. It circles three quarters of the mountain, passing through a dozen tunnels along the way. Construction began in 1902 and was known at the time as Moffat Road. About twenty miles (32 km) to the west, this line continues through the Moffat Tunnel under the Continental Divide. Amtrak’s California Zephyr runs along this line every day, once each way.</p><br>
<p>Another line (located at about the 6,300 ft level) is the aqueduct known as the South Boulder Diversion. It leads to Ralston Reservoir, supplying water to Denver and some of its surrounding suburbs. It was built in 1937 and is owned by Denver Water, a governmental agency whose commissioners are appointed by the mayor of Denver. Near Eldorado Mountain, the aqueduct is mostly hidden in tunnels, but in three short sections it emerges above ground as a large pipeline. Further east, it becomes a canal.</p><br>
<p>A third line (located at about the 6,100 ft level) is another railroad grade. Known as the Denver Utah & Pacific, it was originally graded in the 1880s. No tracks were ever laid, and for that reason historians refer to it as a “ghost” railroad. After being abandoned by the railroad, the grade was used by the public as an access route to the west side of the canyon. The grade continued to be the only such access until 1927 when the present road at the bottom of the canyon was built. In 1978, part of the grade became part of the newly created Eldorado Canyon State Park and was later converted into the Fowler Trail.</p><br>
<p>The bottom line is the Community Ditch (located at about the 5,800 ft level). It begins at a diversion dam located at the northeast toe of Eldorado Mountain (also being the location of the entrance to Eldorado Canyon State Park.) The ditch drains into Marshall Lake three miles (5 km) to the east. It was built around 1908 and is owned by Farmers Reservoir and Irrigation Company.</p><br>
<p>The Cueva de El Castillo, or the Cave of the Castle, is an archaeological site within the complex of the Caves of Monte Castillo, and is located in Puente Viesgo, in the province of Cantabria, Spain. It contains the oldest known cave art in Europe. Some researchers argue this might even be the oldest known example of artwork in the world and possibly a product of Homo neanderthalensis. Hand stencils, claviforms  and disks made by blowing paint onto the wall in El Castillo cave were found that date back at least 40,800 years, making them older than those of the Chauvet Cave in central France, which are dated to around 39,000 years BP.</p><br>
<p>As traditional methods such as radiocarbon dating do not work where there is no organic pigment, a team of British, Spanish and Portuguese researchers led by Dr. Alistair Pike of the University of Bristol dated the formation of tiny stalactites on top of the paintings using the Uranium-thorium dating technique, thus obtaining a minimum age for the art. Where larger stalagmites had been painted, maximum ages were also obtained.</p><br>
<p>The archaeological stratigraphy has been divided into around 19 layers, depending on the source they slightly deviate from each other, however the overall sequence is consistent, beginning in the early Aurignacian, around 44,100 years ago and ending in the Bronze Age.</p><br>
<p>Cueva del Castillo was discovered in 1903 by Hermilio Alcalde del Río, a Spanish archaeologist, who was one of the pioneers in the study of the earliest cave paintings of Cantabria. The entrance to the cave was smaller in the past and has been enlarged as a result of archaeological excavations.</p><br>
<p>Alcalde del Río found an extensive sequence of images executed in charcoal and red ochre on the walls and ceilings of multiple caverns. The paintings and numerous markings and graffiti span from the Lower Paleolithic to the Bronze Age, and even into the Middle Ages. There are over 150 depictions already cataloged, including those that emphasize the engravings of a few deer, complete with shadowing.</p><br>
<p>The Armour–Stiner House, also known as the Carmer Octagon House, is a unique octagon-shaped and domed Victorian style house located at 45 West Clinton Avenue in Irvington, in Westchester County, New York. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976. It is known that other domed octagonal residences were built in the United States, but it is unknown if any of them still exist.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1859–1860 by financier Paul J. Armour based on the architectural ideas of Orson Squire Fowler, the author of The Octoagon House: A Home for All Occasions. Fowler believed that octagonal houses enclosed more space, provided more interior sunlight, and that its rooms were easily accessible to each other.</p><br>
<p>In the 1930s, the house was owned by Aleko E. E. Lilius, a Finnish writer and explorer, and from 1946 to 1976 by historian Carl Carmer, who maintained that the house was haunted. In 1976, the house was briefly owned by the National Trust for Historic Preservation to prevent it from being demolished. The Trust was unable to fund the amount of renovation the property required, and sold it to the preservationist architect, Joseph Pell Lombardi, who has conserved and renovated the house, interiors, grounds and outbuildings.</p><br>
<p>The house remains a private residence. It is located on the south side of West Clinton Avenue, on the crest of a hill overlooking the Hudson River, to the west. It is about 1650 feet from the river, and about 140 feet above it, consistent with Fowler&#39;s siting ideas. The Old Croton Aqueduct, another National Historic Landmark, abuts the property on the east.</p><br>
<p>In September 2017, Lombardi offered the house for rent through Sotheby&#39;s, for $40,000 a month.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The four-story house, plus an observatory, encompasses 8,400 ft&sup2;. The complex includes a barn, a carriage house, a well house used as a gazebo, and the original Lord & Burnham conservatory greenhouse. The house&#39;s main floor is surrounded by a veranda decorated with carved wooden gingerbread detailing and lit with gas lamps. The interior of the house includes an entrance hall, a solarium, a library, a curio room, a music room in the Egyptian Revival style, a 360-degree "dance room" added by Stiner, a billiard room, a wine cellar, seven bedrooms and three bathrooms, two kitchens and a pantry.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The house is the main setting for the 1981 horror film The Nesting.</p><br>
<p>The house is featured in Tony Millionaires Sock Monkey Volume 4, #2 (2003), reprinted in The Collected Works of Tony Millionaires Sock Monkey.</p><br>
<p>An exterior shot of the home was used in the film, Across the Universe. The Octagon House is seen briefly after the "Magical Mystery Tour" bus arrives in a wooded area. It is first depicted in psychedelic colors and then with a moat surrounding it. The building is described by Bono (playing "Dr. Robert") as the "Headquarters of the League of Spiritual Deliverance", the home of Dr. Geary (an allusion to Dr. Timothy Leary).</p><br>
<p>The Van Alen House or Luykas Van Alen House is a historic Dutch brick farmhouse built in approximately 1737 in the Hudson River valley. Located on NY 9H, about 1 mile  south of Kinderhook village in Columbia County, New York and 2 miles  south of US 9, the house is a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>The "Van Alen House" and its farm are believed to have served as the inspiration for homestead of the Van Tassel family in Washington Irving&#39;s short story The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. Irving was a close friend of Kinderhook native (and USA President) Martin Van Buren, a neighbor of the "Van Alen House" and a frequent guest in the town. The house is currently operated by the Columbia County Historical Society as a historic house museum showing 18th century Dutch Colonial life.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1967.</p><br>
<p>This property (interior and exterior) was a location scene in the 1993 Martin Scorsese film, "The Age of Innocence" starring Michelle Pfeiffer and Daniel Day-Lewis.</p><br>
<p>The Voorlezer&#39;s House is a historic clapboard frame house in Historic Richmond Town in Staten Island, New York. It was acquired by the museum in 1939 and then restored to its original period of 1696–1701. It was first opened to the public on April 14, 1942 and then again after its second restoration on June 27, 1985. It is the oldest known schoolhouse in America, although it became a private residence for more than a century, and it is now owned and operated by the Staten Island Historical Society. It was built before 1696, and the date of the patent on which it is located is 1680.</p><br>
<p>"Voorlezer" is a Dutch word that can be translated as "fore-reader" or as "one who reads (to others)". A Voorlezer or Voorleser was the title given to a highly responsible citizen in New Netherland and later Dutch settlements in North America, who had semi-official duties in local law, education and religion. The title was predominantly used from the mid-17th century to the late 18th century; in the small colonial villages. A Voorlezer could maintain many tasks; be an assistant to a pastor, or in the absence of a pastor, hold religious services and read scriptures, or run a school.</p><br>
<p>Though well-maintained for many years, by 1936 it had fallen into disrepair and was threatened with demolition. It became a National Historic Landmark in 1961 and was added to National Register of Historic Places when that registry was created in 1966.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The roof has an unequal pitch because the front of the house is 2 ft higher than the rear. The foundation walls are 2 ft thick, and constructed of undressed field stone laid up in mud and mortar. All timbers are of oak or white wood, cut in nearby forests and hewn to size with a broadaxe. A massive stone-and-brick chimney is at the northeast end of the house. Around 1800, the present staircases were substituted for the straight, ladder-like stairs believed to have been used originally.</p><br>
<p>The first floor contains a small room used as living quarters and a large room for church services. The second floor has a small bedchamber, and a large room that is believed to be the one used for the school. The extra set of floor beams indicate that the room was designed to accommodate a large number of persons. The floors in the house are of white pine boards, 14 - wide. The windows and doors, the originals of which have been replaced, have the low and wide proportions of the originals.</p><br>
<h2>Size of original lot</h2><br>
<p>The original land grant given to Robert Rider in 1680 by English Governor Sir Edmund Andros was for 320 acres of land and 37 acres of salt meadow. In 1697, the Dutch Reformed Congregation acquired a parcel of approximately 271 square feet of the then 80 acre parcel from James Hance Dye and James Fitchett, on which to build the house.</p><br>
<h2>Use by the Dutch Reformed congregation</h2><br>
<p>While never officially consecrated as a place of worship, the Voorlezers House was used as a meeting place for members of the Dutch Reformed Congregation until the French Church (established in Greenridge, and lasting only about 15 years) was built in 1698, and later in 1718 when a permanent Dutch Reformed Church was established on the north shore of the Island. Despite the congregations brief stay in Richmond, the Voorlezers House was attended actively and its presence there (only the second or third building in the village) was the beginning of Richmonds significance as a service and civic center for Staten Island. Only a few years later the county seat would be established there, as well as St. Andrews Church for an English congregation in 1709-1712.</p><br>
<h2>Use as a schoolhouse</h2><br>
<p>Children attending the Voorlezer&#39;s house while it functioned as a school were most likely between the ages of 7 and 12, and were both male and female. Schooling would have been paid for by parents by subject, which were probably taught in the Dutch language.</p><br>
<p>Subjects most likely included:</p><br>
<p>1. Reading. Students may have used hornbooks but there were many textbooks from Amsterdam available at the time, such as "Stairway of Youth" which was 12 lessons that built on each other, supplemented by "Great and Small ABC"</p><br>
<p>2. Writing. Many students may not have learned this.</p><br>
<p>3. Arithmetic. An important skill for both boys and girls to learn to be able to maintain household and business accounts as adults.</p><br>
<p>4. Religion. Students were expected to memorize the 129 questions and answers of the Heidelberg Catechism, which was used from 1563 until the 1800s.</p><br>
<p>5. Dutch history. This "new" subject would teach students about the Dutch Independence War from Spain.</p><br>
<h2>Inhabitants and their occupations</h2><br>
<p>1696–1701: Hendrick Kroesen; Voorlezer</p><br>
<p>1701–1705: House ownership changed three times</p><br>
<p>1705–1720: Rene Rezeau; farmer</p><br>
<p>1720–1793: Rezeau family; farmers</p><br>
<p>1793–1871: Van Pelt family; farmers</p><br>
<p>1871–1872: Harriet Wheately; residence</p><br>
<p>1872–1883: Martin Mooney; farm laborer, residence</p><br>
<p>1883–1893: Solomon Rosenberg & family; store, residence</p><br>
<p>1893–1924: Solomon Rosenberg & family; hotel-saloon (Arlington Hotel), residence</p><br>
<p>1925–1938: Nicholas George; restaurateur, tavern keeper (Acorn Inn), residence</p><br>
<p>1939: Structure donated to Staten Island Historical Society by Mrs. T. Livingston Kennedy</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>In 1981, the building was closed for major renovation to stabilize the structure while retaining as much of its historic fabric as possible. The kitchen was restored, and most notably, the leaded casement windows were installed to more accurately represent its appearance of a circa 1696 structure.</p><br>
<p>Fort Klock, a fortified stone homestead in the Mohawk River Valley of New York State, was built c.1750 by Johannes Klock. On October 19, 1780, the Battle of Klock&#39;s Field was fought just to west-northwest of the fort. The fort is located at 7203 Route 5 roughly two miles  east of the Village of St. Johnsville, New York.</p><br>
<p>There were two distinct places referred to as Fort Klock during the Revolutionary War: Johannes house and the home of his brother, Conradt Klock, located in Reimensnyders Bush or Glens Purchase to the north of Little Falls, New York. The Klock Forts were but two of the plethora of fortifications in the central and upper Mohawk Valley, built to resist raids from the British and their allies. The thick stone walls of Fort Klock are pierced with firing ports, allowing the occupiers to fire rifles at attackers. At times, a small garrison of soldiers would live in the houses.</p><br>
<p>Fort Klock is part of a 30 acre complex that includes the historic homestead, a renovated Colonial Dutch Barn, blacksmith shop, and 19th-century schoolhouse. The site is maintained by Fort Klock Historic Restoration and is open seasonally as a living museum.</p><br>
<p>Fort Klock was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1972.</p><br>
<p>North Frisian Barrier Island is the collective term for three barrier islands  due west of the German Halligen in the North Frisian Islands archipelago. The shoals act as natural breakwater for the Halligen and other islands closer to land. Uninhabited, they remain one of the few areas in the Wadden Sea that are unaffected by direct human activity.</p><br>
<p>The shoals from north to south are:</p><br>
<p>The shoals are subject to constant change and are slowly moving towards the mainland coast to the east. This changes both their location and surface area. During the last 50 years, all three shoals benefitted from their increasing area but their individual development was very diverse. In total, 43.5 million m of sand were eroded by wind and water on the west coasts of the shoals, whereas 32.4 million m were deposited at the eastern shorelines. Especially Japsand, which is the youngest and smallest of the three shoals, could thereby gain volume and was the fastest moving shoal. Numerical simulations by the University of Kiel have shown the likelihood of a merger between Japsand and Norderoogsand until 2050. This would cover Hallig Norderoog in sand, as well as large areas of mudflats which are still east of the sands as of today.</p><br>
<p>The peak heights of the shoals reach about one metre above the average high tide. In summer, the dry sand is sometimes piled to dunes of several metres height. These are occasionally settled by Elymus grasses. Since 1999 though, an increasingly stable and diverse vegetation has been observed at the northern edge of Norderoogsand. The plant carpet helps to accumulate ever more sand, and so the peak dune of Norderoogsand was recorded with 3.50 metres in 2013. Because of this development, Norderoogsand has been called a new island.</p><br>
<p>All three shoals are nature reserves and constitute an important resting area for migratory birds, harbour seals, and grey seals. Together with the Hooger Loch and Rummelloch-West gats, as well the Halligen of Norderoog and Süderoog, the shoals are a popular resort for seals and form one of the main moulting areas of the common eider.</p><br>
<p>The shoals are part of the core zone of the Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea National Park and must not be entered except for the northern areas of Japsand. In 1985, a light beacon was erected on Süderoogsand on a wooden framework. The device is solar powered and has a shelter for shipwrecked sailors.</p><br>
<p>The Mansfield Roller Mill or Mansfield Mill is a  that was built in Mansfield, Indiana, United States by James Kelsey and Francis Dickson in 1820; it has always run on water power from Big Racoon Creek. The original mill was a 30 ft by 30 ft log building.</p><br>
<p>According to legend, glacial stones from a nearby farm were used for grinding. In the mid-19th century a sash saw mill and a carding mill were added to the grist mill. The mill is a state historic site still in operation. The Mansfield Roller Mill now runs by water turbine engines.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Between 1973 and 1978 Tex Kelly (Edward Earl Terry (actor)) "The Bad Man of the movies" purchased the Mansfield Roller Mill and several other buildings and attempt to fulfill his dream of turning the town into Frontier City. His efforts failed and in 1979, Tex and Isabel returned to Texs hometown of Coxville, Indiana and opened "Texs Longhorn Tavern".</p><br>
<p>Owners Jack & Shirley Dalton and Frank & Sharon Hutcheson donated the mill to the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of State Museums and Historic Sites in 1995.</p><br>
<p>The Mansfield Roller Mill is located at the corner of Mansfield Rd. (historic) and Big Raccoon Creek in Mansfield IN 47872, just southeast of Rockville, Indiana.</p><br>
<p>Mansfield Road (historic) is now called by several names depending on the map date:</p><br>
<p>Country Road-37 (CR-37) (Most maps)</p><br>
<p>Green Castle Road</p><br>
<p>East 700 South</p><br>
<h2>Geographic Coordinates</h2><br>
<p>Latitude: 39° 40 35" N Longitude: 87° 6 7.99" W</p><br>
<p>Miran is an ancient oasis town located on the southern rim of the Taklamakan Desert in Xinjiang, Northwest China. It lies on the famous trade route known as the Silk Road where the Lop Nur desert meets the Altun Shan mountains. Two thousand years ago a river flowed down from the mountain and Miran had a sophisticated irrigation system. Now the area is a sparsely inhabited, dusty region with poor roads and minimal transportation. Archaeological excavations since the early 20th century have uncovered an extensive Buddhist monastic site that existed between the 2nd to 5th centuries AD, as well as the Miran fort, a Tibetan settlement during the 8th and 9th centuries AD.</p><br>
<h2>Names</h2><br>
<p>Lionel Giles has recorded the following names for Miran (with his Wade-Giles forms of the Chinese names converted to pinyin):</p><br>
<p>During the period of Tibetan occupation (mid-8th to mid-9th centuries), the area was known as Nop Chungu (nob chu ngu).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In ancient times, Miran was a busy trading center on the southern part of the Silk Road, after the route split into two (the northern route and the southern route), as caravans of merchants sought to escape travel across the harsh wasteland of the desert (called by the Chinese "The Sea of Death") and the Tarim Basin. They went by going around its north or south rim. It was also a thriving center of Buddhism with many monasteries and stupas. Buddhist devotees would have walked around the covered circular stupas, whose central pillar contained relics of the Buddha.</p><br>
<p>Miran was one of the smaller towns in Kroraina (also known as Loulan), which was brought under the control of the Chinese Han Dynasty in the third century. After the fourth century the trading center declined. In the mid eighth century, Miran became a fort town because of its location at the mouth of a pass on one of the routes into Tibet. This is where the Tibetan forces crossed when the Chinese army withdrew to deal with rebels in central China. The Tibetans remained there, using the old irrigation system, until the Tibetan Empire lost its territories in Central Asia around the middle of the ninth century.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>The ruins at Miran consist of a large rectangular fort, a monastery (the Vihara in Stein&#39;s accounts), several stupas and many sun-dried brick constructions, located relatively close to the ancient caravan track to Dunhuang, running west to east. The many artifacts found in Miran demonstrate the extensive and sophisticated trade connections these ancient towns had with places as far away as the Mediterranean Sea. Archaeological evidence from Miran shows the influence of Buddhism on artistic work as early as the first century BC. Early Buddhist sculptures and murals excavated from the site show stylistic similarities to the traditions of Central Asia and North India and other artistic aspects of the paintings found there suggest that Miran had a direct connection with Rome and its provinces. This Romanesque style is thought to be the work of a Buddhist painter known as Tita (Titus), who was perhaps a Roman artist who traveled east along the Silk Roads in search of employment. Several artefacts have been found at the Miran site, including bows and arrows.</p><br>
<h2>Expeditions and visitors to the site</h2><br>
<p>1876: The first person to mention the ancient site was Nikolay Przhevalsky. After his second expedition to the region, he wrote about a very large ruined city near the Lopnor lake, which, judging from its geographical position on his map, must have been Miran.</p><br>
<p>1905: Ellsworth Huntington, an American geologist, the first to examine Miran, identified the fort, the monastery, and two stupas during a short visit, and recognized the Buddhist character of the site.</p><br>
<p>1906-1907: Aurel Stein visited and excavated Miran fort and surrounding sites during his second expedition to Central Asia, carrying out a thorough excavation of the fort, uncovering 44 rooms (site numbers M.I.i - M.I.xliv). He excavated other sites in the area, mainly to the north and west of the fort (site numbers M.II - M.X), including several temples containing well-preserved Buddhist fresco and stucco images.</p><br>
<p>1902 and 1910: Count Ōtani Kōzui sent missions from Kyoto to some Taklamakan sites, among them Miran, to bring back Buddhist texts, wall paintings and sculptures.</p><br>
<p>1914: Aurel Stein returned to Miran on his third expedition, excavating other sites in the area (site numbers M.XI - M.XV), which were ruins of stupas and towers. The objects found in these included more stucco images and wooden carved objects.</p><br>
<p>1957-8: Professor Huang Wenbi lead a team from the Institute of Archaeology, CASS, spending six days at Miran, and a report was published in 1983 describing the fort and two stupa/temple sites, and a number of finds.</p><br>
<p>1959: A team from Xinjiang Museum spent ten days in Miran examining the fort, temple site and dwelling areas. A report of their considerable findings was published in 1960.</p><br>
<p>1965: Rao Reifu, an engineer, investigated the remains of a substantial irrigation system in the Miran area and published his findings in 1982.</p><br>
<p>1973: Another team from the Xinjiang Museum visited the site an investigated the fort, temples and irrigation system. The excavations and the artefacts found in these sites were discussed in an expedition report by Mu Shunying in 1983.</p><br>
<p>1978-80: The most extensive investigation of the site so far was carried out by Huang Xiaojing and Zhang Ping of the Xinjiang Museum. Their 1985 report discusses the fort, 8 stupas, 3 temple sites, 2 beacons, dwellings, tombs, a kiln area and a smelting site.</p><br>
<p>1988: The archaeological team of XJASS visited the site and published a report, containing little new information.</p><br>
<p>1989: Professor Wang Binghua visited several of the temple sites.</p><br>
<p>1989: Christa Paula visited Miran, and published a description with photographs.</p><br>
<p>1996: Peter Yung visited Miran recording his experiences in words and photographs.</p><br>
<p>The Anderson Paramount Theatre  is a historic movie theater located in Anderson, Madison County, Indiana. It opened on August 20, 1929, and at the time was part of the Publix Chain of theaters, owned by Paramount Pictures . The theater was designed by the famous movie theater architect, John Eberson. The Paramount is an atmospheric theater  and is one of twelve atmospheric theatres left standing in the United States and Canada. The auditorium was decorated in the style of a Spanish village.</p><br>
<p>It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>The theater has been extensively restored and reopened in 1995 as the Paramount Theatre Centre and Ballroom. The theater includes its original Page theater organ, now restored. A contest for "Best Decorated Christmas Tree" is held in the theater every Christmas.</p><br>
<p>Brisbane Arcade is a heritage-listed shopping arcade at 160 Queen Street through to Adelaide Street in the Brisbane CBD, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Richard Gailey, Junior and built in 1923 to 1924 by J & E L Rees and Forsyth & Speering. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Brisbane Arcade was opened in March 1924. It was built for a cost of &pound;70,000 for Dr James Mayne, and his sister Mary Emelia Mayne, their brother Isaac having purchased the site in 1892.</p><br>
<p>The arcade was designed by Richard Gailey Jnr (the son of architect Richard Gailey) and built by J & E L Rees (Queen Street section), & Forsyth and Speering (Adelaide Street section). It provided a pedestrian and commercial link between Queen and Adelaide Streets. The arcade contained shops with frontages to Adelaide and Queen Streets, 20 shops on the ground level of the arcade, and a further 20 on the first floor. The building also contained office accommodation on the first level. The Arcade was one of a number of building projects in Queen Street during the 1920s including Ascot Chambers (1924), Tattersalls Club (1925) and the Regent Theatre (1928).</p><br>
<p>Although there does not appear to have been an official opening ceremony, in the first week of March 1924 a number of tenants announced the opening of their arcade stores full of luxury items, such as silks, ladies&#39; fashion and floral art.</p><br>
<p>Since the deaths of James Mayne in 1939, and Mary Mayne in 1940, Brisbane Arcade has been operated by a board of trustees acting on behalf of their estates, with operating proceeds benefiting the University of Queensland School of Medicine (now known as the University of Queensland Mayne Medical School in honour of the bequest). McGees Property manages the arcade on behalf of the board of trustees.</p><br>
<p>On 5 February 1952, the Johnstone Gallery was opened in a former bomb shelter under Brisbane Arcade, where it remained until closing on 19 December 1957 in order to relocate to Bowen Hills.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Brisbane Arcade connects Queen and Adelaide Streets in the block between Edward and Albert Streets. The facades at each end have similar features - both are three storeys high and five window bays across, of face brickwork with cement dressings, and use plain Classical details.</p><br>
<p>The Queen Street facade has triangular Classical pediments at parapet level above each end window bay. These end bays are separated by flanking brick pilasters and have cantilevered balconies on both levels with wrought iron railings consisting of vertical balustrading. The openings contain timber framed multi-paned windows and french doors which open onto the balconies. Ornate floral mouldings are situated on the pilasters to either side of the upper level openings. A deep bracketed cornice runs between the base of the pediments separating the parapet from the remainder of the facade. The parapet has raised sections at each end and in the centre where there is the name "BRISBANE ARCADE" in raised lettering.</p><br>
<p>The Adelaide Street facade has a similar arrangement of openings, but has arched windows in the end bays of the top floor with keystones that extend to the cornice line. A similar cornice occurs above all the other window openings as sun hoods. Cantilevered balconies occur only on the first floor level at each end and in the centre. These have wrought iron railings with diagonal balustrading.</p><br>
<p>The entry to the arcade is central on both facades. The three storey sections extend only part of the distance into the block from both ends and are linked by the two storey arcade. Some of the ground floor shops have been changed from the traditional materials polished timber shopfronts and lead-light windows to be replaced by marble and other modern products.</p><br>
<p>The central space has a void running the length of the arcade crossed by a central walkway leading to the galleries on each side. The upper level is accessed by stairs at each end which retain their original terrazzo finishes. The roof structure above the arcade consists of lightweight exposed steel trusses, and natural light is allowed into the space through clerestory windows on each side.</p><br>
<p>The arcade features art work from the hosting of Brisbanes World Expo 88, namely, "Mirage" by Swiss-Israeli artist Gidon Graetz.</p><br>
<p>Today the Brisbane Arcade features a range of artisan and boutique stores, with several fashion, jewellery and specialist businesses operating out of the location.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Brisbane Arcade was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Brisbane Arcade is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a 1920s purpose-built shopping arcade in the central business district of Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The Brisbane Arcade is important in exhibiting a range of aesthetic characteristics valued by the Brisbane community and those interested in retail design, in particular the quality of its design, use of materials and craftsmanship displayed in the main internal space and street facades its contribution to the central business district townscape, and the Queen Street and Adelaide Street streetscapes.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Brisbane Arcade is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a 1920s purpose-built shopping arcade in the central business district of Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Brisbane Arcade is important in exhibiting a range of aesthetic characteristics valued by the Brisbane community and those interested in retail design, in particular the quality of its design, use of materials and craftsmanship displayed in the main internal space and street facades its contribution to the central business district townscape, and the Queen Street and Adelaide Street streetscapes.</p><br>
<p>Fearing Pond, also erroneously named on some maps as Fearings Pond , is a 24 acre natural kettlehole pond in Plymouth, Massachusetts. The average depth is ten feet and the maximum depth is 20 ft. It is located in the southern section of Myles Standish State Forest, north of Charge Pond, northwest of Abner Pond, west of Fawn Pond, south of College Pond, southeast of East Head Reservoir, and east of the forest headquarters. However there is no direct access as the bridge over the Wankinco River connecting Cranberry Road in Carver and Fearing Pond Road in Plymouth was washed out several years ago. The bridge has not been rebuilt.</p><br>
<p>Camp Cachalot and Camp Squanto are nearby. The pond is fed by groundwater. A public beach is located on the southeast side of the pond and on the northern side of the pond is where boating access is available. Summer cottages and campsites line the perimeter of the pond. The pond is usually stocked by MassWildlife</p><br>
<p>The Alfred E. Clarke Mansion, also known as Caselli Mansion, Nobby Clarkes Castle and Nobby Clarkes Folly, is a mansion in San Francisco, California, located at 250 Douglass Street in the Castro neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>The Clarke Mansion survived the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and subsequent fires which had destroyed many of the Victorian mansions from the same era. On December 7, 1975, it was designated a San Francisco City landmark. The mansion was used briefly as a hospital. Today, it is used as a rental property, with 15 apartments.</p><br>
<h2>Alfred E. Clarke</h2><br>
<p>An Irish policeman with a very colorful reputation owned the mansion, now an historic landmark, called "Nobby" Clarkes Folly at the corner of Douglass and Caselli Streets in Eureka Valley. Contentious and litigious with flashes of brilliance and community conscience, Clarke was the San Francisco Police Departments version of Emperor Norton, the eccentric dictator who ruled downtown streets benevolently in the 1860s and 70s. "Nobby" was both the pride and bane of the Police Force.</p><br>
<p>Answering the call for gold, Alfred Clarke arrived from Ireland in 1850 aboard the ship "Commonwealth." After an unrewarding attempt in the gold hills of Nevada County, Clarke returned to the city docks and landed a job as stevedore. Restless to do better, he connected himself with the Clerk of the Board of Supervisors and by 1856 was a patrolman on the San Francisco Police Force. On his waterfront beat, he had an altercation with a seaman who bit his hand so badly he never recovered full use of it. Likely, his nickname " Nobby" came from that injury. Clarke moved up the ladder until he was clerk to the Chief of Police. He made an expanded use of that position by running a side business lending money to patrolmen. Soon he was making more money than the Chief and that revelation likely figured in his removal from the Force for the next three years. "Nobby" used that time to his advantage. He studied law and passed the bar. When he returned to the Police Department in 1870, he was chief legal advisor to the department and its Chief.</p><br>
<p>It was "Nobby" Clarke, the attorney, who introduced "Emperor Norton"-style splashes of excitement, amusement and vexation to the courts of San Francisco. Apparently courtrooms held such an attraction to Clarke, he could hardly stay away from appearing there daily. He filed many, some say, too many cases mostly against the Police Commission or about the Department itself. While his legal demeanor was over zealous, at times he seemed genuinely concerned about his former fellow officers. In 1896 he aimed a suit directly at the Police Commissioners who had discharged 50 patrolmen in 1894. He asked for compensation of $40,000 for each while characterizing the Commissioners as persons with evil eyes, depraved minds and abandoned hearts. Clarke wasn&#39;t entirely "off the wall" on this case, in view of the deep depression and rampant unemployment in 1894.</p><br>
<p>"Nobby" was clearly contentious and maybe a bit proud. After he built, or over built, his mansion in the Gilded Age, he and his upslope neighbor, Behrend Joost, began a feud that lasted their lifetime. While the frequently given reason for the daily warfare was the Mountain Spring Water Company service Joost owned and provided to Clarke and others in Eureka Valley, it is probable these two "rags to riches" businessmen were destined to compete about anything and everything. By then it was their nature to achieve by outdoing everyone else. Their stormy relationship didn&#39;t stop with sharp words; neighbors still recount stories of their fist fights on 18th Street.</p><br>
<p>There was another side to Clarke&#39;s character. A soft side that showed sensitive concern for others. He and his first wife were founding members of the Calvary Presbyterian Church with Clarke serving as its Deacon. "Nobby" organized the Widows and Orphans Aid Association of the Police Department and was its president several times. He was involved with other charitable organizations, and "Nobby" was always ready to go to court defending those who were overlooked or ill-used by the system.</p><br>
<p>Eventually, Clarke himself was chewed up by the system. He became involved with a J.F. Turner, who forced him into bankruptcy. "Nobby" lost his beautiful place in Eureka Valley and moved to 1208 Masonic Avenue where he died of heart problems in 1902. He was 69. Even in his obituaries, the two different sides of Clarke&#39;s character emerged. The Examiner portrayed "Nobby" with a gnarled, contentious personality and an uncouth physique in his later years. The Chronicle painted Clarke as short, with a tufted beard and broad shoulders. He was a mild-mannered man who died friendless. The truth is probably some of both.</p><br>
<h2>Caselli Mansion</h2><br>
<p>Clarke purchased seventeen acres of land on a steep slope in the city’s Eureka Valley section. He spent $100,000 (over two million dollars today) to build his impressive mansion—a huge expenditure for any home of that period—completing it in 1892. The style is primarily Queen Anne but with other eclectic features such as turrets, gables and quirky protuberances that make the house more flamboyantly noticeable from all sides. Even the shingled roof alternates scalloped and plain shapes in an interesting pattern.</p><br>
<p>There is a gracious portico at the top of the exterior entry steps; the spacious foyer within and the grand staircase were meant to induce wonder and are a particularly fine statement of what the eccentric owner wanted to achieve. The interior details include fine paneled woodwork, elegant fireplaces and mantels, as well as high quality stained glass windows throughout.</p><br>
<p>Although predominantly Queen Anne and Baroque, its style is eclectic (meaning a bit of everything). No two rooms are alike. Some are authentic San Francisco Victorian. Others are designed in the grand Continental manner with rococo and other elaborate ornamentation. The former music room has a Far Eastern flavor. On the fourth floor are Parisian-style garret apartments which were once the servants&#39; quarters. Every room in the house either overlooks the dramatic San Francisco skyline or the garden abounding with flowers and birds.</p><br>
<p>Sadly, Mr. Clarke could not convince his wife to leave her fashionable residence on Nob Hill, so she and their son never even lived in the house that he had clearly created as a labor of love and imagination for his family.</p><br>
<p>By 1904, the building had been converted into California General Hospital. An advertisement for the new hospital noted that elegant rooms were a dollar a day, it was the only building in the block, and was sheltered from the cold west wind. Many old-timers in the neighborhood were born in the mansion-turned-hospital.</p><br>
<p>About 1909 the mansion was tastefully converted into 15 apartments and most of the elegant decor was preserved. It is one of the most sought after buildings in The City in which to reside, with prospective residents often remaining on a waiting list for several years. With 45 rooms on five floors, the mansion is one of the largest formerly private homes still standing in the State. It has 22 stained glass windows. (There are spaces for twice that number, but apparently funds ran short.), 10 fireplaces, 16 baths and 52 closets. The house stands on three city lots with the garden covering the fourth. Small statues and other artifacts have been unearthed in the neighboring grounds which once constituted the grand estate.</p><br>
<p>In the 20s Victorian architecture fell into disfavor. A 1928 publication comments, "Clarke built this house in the awful architecture of the nineties...It still stands in all its horrific architectural pretensions." Today, of course, Victorians are revered and treasured. Columnist Margo Patterson Doss refers to the mansions "architectural splendors." The San Francisco Progress calls it "a stunning example of artistic workmanship." The Landmarks Preservation Advisory Board describes it as "imposing and impressive...and when viewed from the Northeast in particular it becomes an olio of architectural details and forms..." In 1975 it was selected by the prestigious organization, San Francisco Beautiful, to receive one of seven beautification awards and shortly after was officially designated an historical landmark by the Landmarks Commission.</p><br>
<p>Villa Lewaro, formerly known as the Anne E. Poth Home, is a 34-room 20,000 ft&sup2; mansion located at Fargo Lane and North Broadway  in Irvington, New York. It was the home of Madam C. J. Walker from 1918 to 1919. Walker was the first American female and first African-American female self-made millionaire, and "the worlds most successful female entrepreneur of her time." The mansion is an Italianate villa house designed for Walker by Vertner Tandy, the first African-American architect registered in New York, and has been considered to be one of his greatest works. It was constructed during 1916–1918 at an estimated cost of $250,000, and was furnished lavishly. The name Villa Lewaro was coined by a distinguished visitor, Enrico Caruso, from the first two letters of each word in Lelia Walker Robinson, the name of Walkers daughter, who later went by the name of A&#39;Lelia Walker.</p><br>
<p>The home was used as a conference center on race relations issues. Walker died there in 1919; the house was inherited by her daughter A&#39;Lelia Walker who owned it until she herself died in 1931. It then became the Anne E. Poth Home for Convalescent and Aged Members of the Companions of the Forest in America. The house became a National Historic Landmark in 1976, and has been a private residence since the mid-1980s.</p><br>
<p>In 1993, Villa Lewaro was purchased by Harold Doley, founder of Doley Securities, LLC, the oldest African-American-owned and operated investment banking firm in the United States. According to the New York Post:</p><br>
<p>The Doleys upgraded the house’s mechanical, electrical, heating and plumbing systems. They reconstructed the terra cotta roof with materials from the original manufacturer and restored the wall paintings in the dining and music rooms.</p><br>
<p>Doley has hoped to attract investors to help turn the residence into a museum. During 1998 it was a designer show house benefiting the United Negro College Fund.</p><br>
<p>In May 2014, the National Trust for Historic Preservation, which has designated the mansion as a "National Treasure", began a project with the active support of Doley, which it called "Envisioning Villa Lewaros Future", to determine the appropriate re-use of the mansion, which was becoming available for purchase. Three scenarios were selected by a workshop organized by the Trust: a spa and salon, a "Center for Innovation in Technology", and a corporate events venue, while a fourth – continued residential use – was suggested by the Trust afterwards; other scenarios were rejected by the workshop, although the Trust recommended that one – a cultural arts performance venue – be reconsidered. Others have suggested that the mansion be used as a center for information about Madame Walker and Vertner Tandy, the architect. In 2017, a representative of the National Trust reported that despite the mansions status as a National Historic Landmark "there’s no oversight or review to stop an external agency to propose changes to the building..." The Trusts concern is that significantly changing the mansion, or, worse, demolishing it, would be a slight to Walkers life achievements.</p><br>
<p>In May 2017, Westchester County certified an easement under the auspices of the National Trust, a significant step in the house becoming a museum. The Doleys are exploring ways to continue to live in the house if and when it achieves that status.</p><br>
<p>The Dammastock  is the highest mountain in the Urner Alps in Switzerland and is part of the Winterberg massif. Its summit ridge forms the border between the cantons of Uri and the Valais. It is the highest summit in the canton of Uri. The tripoint between the cantons of Berne, Valais and Uri lies near the Eggstock, north of the Dammastock. Politically, the Dammastcok is split between the municipalities of Göschenen  and Obergoms .</p><br>
<p>The massif is almost completely covered by ice, the large Rhone Glacier on the west side, the smaller Damma Glacier on the east side and the Trift Glacier further on the north side.</p><br>
<p>It was first climbed by Albert Hoffmann-Burkhardt with guides Johann Fischer and Andreas von Weissenfluh on 28 July 1864.</p><br>
<h2>Huts</h2><br>
<p>Dammastock Hut (2,445 m)</p><br>
<p>Hotel Tiefenbach (2,109 m)</p><br>
<p>The Uri Alps  are a mountain range in Central Switzerland and part of the Western Alps. They extend into the cantons of Obwalden, Valais, Bern, Uri and Nidwalden and are bordered by the Bernese Alps  and the Emmental Alps to the west , the Schwyzer Alps to the north , the Lepontine Alps to the south  and the Glarus Alps to the east .</p><br>
<p>The Uri Alps are composed of two distinct groups separated by the Susten Pass. The Dammastock massif on the south is the most glaciated part while the northern part, which culminates on Titlis, has lower summits but greater extent.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The group south of the Susten Pass forms the dividing range between the head waters of the Aare (west) from those of the Reuss. In addition a small portion of the range (south-west) is located in the basin of the Rhone. This part lies entirely within the valley of the Rhone Glacier. This group forms a complex mass including four considerable ridges and attains its greatest height at the Dammastock and the Galenstock. The group includes four nearly parallel ridges running NNW. and SSE. That forming the eastern boundary of the valley of Hasli reaches 3,383 metres at the Tieralplistock, whence it extends NNW. to the Mährenhorn, and south to the Gärstenhörner. A wide reservoir of snow whence the Trift Glacier flows to the north and the Rhone Glacier to the south, divides this range from the more easterly range whose highest point is the Dammastock. North of the Dammastock the range collectively known as the Hinter Tierberg, attains 3,447 metres. Further east than the last is the Sustenhorn range, rising at its highest point to 3,505 metres, divided from the last by the Stein Glacier and the upper part of the Göschenental. Lastly, another ridge still further east is separated from the last by the Voralptal, a branch of the Göschenental. Its highest summits are the Fleckistock and the Stucklistock. The lower part of the Göschenental is bounded on the south by a range running west to east diverging from the ridge between the Dammastock and the Galenstock.</p><br>
<p>On the north side of the Susten Pass the ranges are lower and, except the highest mountains on the south, free of glaciers. The main ridge, culminating at the Titlis divides the basins of the Aare and the Reuss. From the Grassen, tripoint border between the cantons of Berne, Obwalden and Uri, a small range diverges from the main watershed and runs from west to east and culminates at the Gross Spannort.</p><br>
<h2>Principal summits</h2><br>
<p>The principal summits of the Uri Alps are:</p><br>
<p>1. Dammastock, 3630 m</p><br>
<p>2. Schneestock, 3608 m</p><br>
<p>3. Rhonestock, 3588 m</p><br>
<p>4. Galenstock, 3586 m</p><br>
<p>5. Eggstock, 3556 m</p><br>
<p>6. Tiefenstock, 3515 m</p><br>
<p>7. Sustenhorn, 3502 m</p><br>
<p>8. Hinter Tierberg, 3447 m</p><br>
<p>9. Gwächtenhorn, 3420 m</p><br>
<p>10. Mittlerer Tierberg, 3418 m</p><br>
<p>11. Fleckistock, 3416 m</p><br>
<p>12. Maasplanggstock, 3401 m</p><br>
<p>13. Wysse Nollen, 3398 m</p><br>
<p>14. Diechterhorn, 3389 m</p><br>
<p>15. Tieralplistock, 3382 m</p><br>
<p>16. Chli Sustenhorn, 3318 m</p><br>
<p>17. Vorderes Sustenlimihorn, 3316 m</p><br>
<p>18. Stucklistock, 3308 m</p><br>
<p>19. Gletschhorn, 3305 m</p><br>
<p>20. Titlis, 3238 m</p><br>
<p>21. Rorspitzli, 3220 m</p><br>
<p>22. Sidelenhorn, 3217 m</p><br>
<p>23. Gwächtenhorn, 3214 m</p><br>
<p>24. Brunnenstock, 3210 m</p><br>
<p>25. Chüeplanggenstock, 3207 m</p><br>
<p>26. Gross Bielenhorn, 3207 m</p><br>
<p>27. Voralphorn, 3203 m</p><br>
<p>28. Winterstock, 3203 m</p><br>
<p>29. Chelenalphorn, 3202 m</p><br>
<p>30. Gross Griessenhorn, 3202 m</p><br>
<p>31. Gross Spannort, 3198 m</p><br>
<p>32. Hinteres Sustenlimihorn, 3194 m</p><br>
<p>33. Gärstenhörner, 3189 m</p><br>
<p>34. Limistock, 3189 m</p><br>
<p>35. Tällistock, 3185 m</p><br>
<p>36. Rotstock, 3183 m</p><br>
<p>37. Hoch Horefellistock, 3175 m</p><br>
<p>38. Gross Furkahorn, 3169 m</p><br>
<p>39. Winterberg, 3167 m</p><br>
<p>40. Chli Spannort, 3140 m</p><br>
<p>41. Hinter Schloss (Schlossberg), 3132 m</p><br>
<p>42. Steinhüshorn, 3121 m</p><br>
<p>43. Chilchlistock, 3114 m</p><br>
<p>44. Krönten, 3107 m</p><br>
<p>45. Hintere Gelmerhörner, 3100 m</p><br>
<p>46. Vorderer Tierberg, 3091 m</p><br>
<p>47. Zwächten, 3078 m</p><br>
<p>48. Lochberg, 3074 m</p><br>
<p>49. Müeterlishorn, 3066 m</p><br>
<p>50. Wendenstöcke, 3042 m</p><br>
<p>51. Blauberg, 3039 m</p><br>
<p>52. Triftstöckli, 3035 m</p><br>
<p>53. Klein Titlis, 3028 m</p><br>
<p>54. Klein Furkahorn, 3026 m</p><br>
<p>55. Wendenhorn, 3023 m</p><br>
<p>56. Spitzli, 3011 m</p><br>
<p>57. Bächenstock, 3008 m</p><br>
<p>58. Reissend Nollen, 3003 m</p><br>
<h2>Glaciers</h2><br>
<p>Main glaciers :</p><br>
<p>Rhone Glacier</p><br>
<p>Trift Glacier</p><br>
<p>Stein Glacier</p><br>
<p>Tiefen Glacier</p><br>
<p>Chelen Glacier</p><br>
<p>Damma Glacier</p><br>
<p>McGregor Lake is an elongated  reservoir in Southern Alberta. McGregor Lake was created in 1920 by the completion of two dams bracketing Snake Lake in Snake Valley. It is situated 100 km southeast of Calgary in the Vulcan County.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir is part of the Carseland-Bow River Headworks System that is owned and operated by Alberta Environment and delivers water to the Bow River Irrigation District. McGregor Lake is in the Oldman River drainage basin, but most water in it arrives via canals from the Bow River. The reservoir was built by British-owned Canada Land and Irrigation Company and named after J. D. McGregor, the company&#39;s Canadian manager who became Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba in 1929.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The reservoir occupies part of the Snake Valley, prehistorically, a thoroughfare for members of the Blackfoot Confederacy. The first European settlers arrived mid-nineteenth century.</p><br>
<p>Ranching was well established by the 1880s. Shortly after, homesteading and farming were prevalent in the valley. The rich soil and dry climate led to an interest in irrigation. Construction began in 1909 on a major reservoir.</p><br>
<p>Two dams were built - one in the north near Milo, Alberta and a second, south dam. McGregor Lake was created when the Canada Land and Irrigation Company completed the South and North McGregor dams. Some of the water in the reservoir comes from the Old Man River, but a canal was also constructed to bring water from the Bow River near Carseland. Construction was a ten-year project, the reservoir began filling in 1920. It was administered as a private company until 1950, when the federal Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration assumed control and modified the dam into a zoned earthfill structure from its previously homogeneous state. In 1973, McGregor Lake and its control structures were transferred to Alberta Environment.</p><br>
<h2>Sports and recreation</h2><br>
<p>Swimming and boating access is at McGregor Lake Recreation Area (formerly Milo Campground), an Alberta Provincial Park site with camping facilities at the northwest corner of the lake. Amenities include a boat launch, playgrounds,</p><br>
<p>and picnic shelters. Small boats can also be launched at Lomond Crossing, where Secondary Road 531 crosses the lake.</p><br>
<p>Sport fishing yields Walleye, Yellow Perch, Lake Whitefish, Rainbow Trout, and Northern Pike (Jackfish). Spawning lake whitefish can be seen in October at the sluice gate on the northwest corner of the lake. Local residents have reported catching up to 10 kilogram (22 lb) northern pike.</p><br>
<p>A campground, picnic area, and boat launch are provided at the north end of the lake.</p><br>
<p>McGregor Lake has attractive, clear water. Algal concentrations are usually low and do not interfere with recreational use.</p><br>
<p>Activities enjoyed at the lake include picnicking, swimming, fishing, wind surfing, canoeing, water skiing and power boating. A major cottage development has formed in recent years on the east shore of the lake near the village of Milo.</p><br>
<p>American white pelicans and double-crested cormorants often forage on this large prairie reservoir from April to September.</p><br>
<p>In spring and fall, the lake is an important staging area for waterfowl, including snow geese, Canada geese and greater white-fronted geese. Blue-winged teals and northern shovelers can be seen in spring and summer. The surrounding dry prairie uplands offer opportunities to observe marbled godwits and long-billed curlews. Prairie plants include such exotic species as the cushion cactus with its burgundy blooms and the prickly pear cactus with its prominent yellow blossoms; both flower in June.</p><br>
<h2>Agriculture and industry</h2><br>
<p>The lake was built for irrigation of farmland. In 2000, the lake had 250,000 acre.ft of reserves and was at 85% of maximum capacity. This is enough water to provide almost 200 square miles with a typical 24 inches (610 mm) of watering. Most of the irrigation cropland is alfalfa and clover for hay, with canola, corn, and specialty crops also supplied. The land up to the full supply level of the reservoir is Crown, or government-controlled land - plus the Crown also owns about 30% of the land above the full supply level, most of which is leased for grazing.</p><br>
<p>Since at least 1938, McGregor Lake was fished commercially for northern pike. The lake has been fished commercially for lake whitefish since about 1948. During the 1980s, the mean annual commercial catch was a total annual average of 85,964.3 kg of lake whitefish and northern pike fish. This is 200,000 pounds worth close to a million dollars. A 1982 investigation of pesticide and PCB levels in McGregor Lake fish found that concentrations were low and well below safe consumption limits.</p><br>
<p>The area around McGregor Lake has significant oil and gas discoveries with many large resource companies active, including Husky, Encana, and Total. On June 13, 2007 a day-long session for observing water-born spill mitigation was held at the south end of McGregor Lake. Alberta Energy and Utilities Board required all companies operating in the area to attend. About one hundred workers watched from behind a roped-off area as crews laid out yellow containment booms and demonstrated methods of containing potential lake spills.</p><br>
<p>Mount Piddington , a mountain in the Explorer Range of the Blue Mountains region, is located south of the village of Mount Victoria in New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<p>The mountain has a lookout, restrooms and a picnic area at its summit, surrounded by a loop road, Mount Piddington Road, which runs from the summit to Mount Victoria village. It is also the starting point of several bushwalking tracks that descend to the cliffs of Hornes Point and the Fairy Bower reserve. Notable sites on the slopes of Mount Piddington include Coxs Leap and Bushranger Cave.</p><br>
<p>Views of the Kanimbla Valley are possible from the lookout, although trees are present and it is not entirely clear. The mountain is mostly covered in bushland of the Eucalypt variety and adjoins One Tree Hill, the highest point in the Blue Mountains Plateau, though Mount Werong is the overall highest peak of the Great Dividing Range.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Mountt Piddington is named after William Richman Piddington, former colonial treasurer under Henry Parkes, who owned land on the site and "felled many trees on its summit in order that visitors might enjoy the view" some time before April 1871.</p><br>
<p>The land owned by Piddington was bequeathed to the public and named Mount Piddington Reserve. The area covered an area of 200 acres.</p><br>
<p>In 1885, the government extended the reserve by 68 acres.</p><br>
<p>In 1897, 7 acres of the reserve were resumed for "railway purposes".</p><br>
<p>Queens Gardens is a heritage-listed botanic garden at Paxton Street, North Ward, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. Queens Gardens is located at the base of Castle Hill, near to both the city centre and The Strand beachside park. It has been called Townsville&#39;s finest park. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 14 August 2008.</p><br>
<p>The gardens were formally established in 1870, and known at that time as the Botanical Gardens Reserve. They represented an acclimatisation garden, part of the colonial town&#39;s agricultural planning for both local food supply and development of farming industry. Initially 40.5 hectares (100 acres) of land was set aside for a variety of exotic species, including cocoa, African oil palms and mangoes. Some of the hoop pines and black beans (Castanospermum australe) planted at that time are still growing today and may be the oldest cultivated specimens in Australia.</p><br>
<p>In the late nineteenth century this industrious garden began its transformation into a formal recreational park. This was briefly interrupted during World War II when Queens Gardens acted as a military base for 100,000 American soldiers. The gardens were extensively redesigned in 1959 by Mr. Alan Wilson (Superintendent of Parks) who also designed Townsville&#39;s arboretum, Anderson Gardens. Due to the needs of the growing city for central sporting grounds and residential development, the gardens are currently one tenth their original size.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Queens Gardens is the surviving 10 acre (4ha) remnant of Townsville&#39;s former 100 acre (40.5ha) Botanical Gardens Reserve (Queens Park) proclaimed on 14 June 1870.</p><br>
<p>Nineteenth century gazetted botanic gardens were more commonly known as Queens Parks, named in commemoration of Queen Victoria who reigned as Monarch of the British Empire from 1836 to 1901. These places attracted strong public patronage and each was considered the premium park of a town. The first Queens Park was a section of the Brisbane Botanic Gardens. A subsequent botanic garden at Ipswich was called Queens Park.</p><br>
<p>From its beginning the gardens at Townsville have evolved in area, planning and design, as well as through their plant collection and community use. Initially the reserve was established to serve and support the role specific to Botanic Gardens across the country, which focused on botany as science, economic botany, education of the public about plants and horticulture and ornamental botany. The first of these functions for botanic gardens was a response to increasing nineteenth century interest in a scientific understanding of the natural world, where widespread enthusiasm for plant identification and cultivation had developed after the industrial revolution. Economic botany refers to the cultivation of plants within the botanic garden&#39;s exotic environment with a view to contributing to the economy of the local region and the colony as a whole, and involved acclimatising, cultivating and testing plants of commercial value. Ornamental botany recognised that human perspectives on nature were not totally focused on use, but also on the more aesthetic qualities of horticulture.</p><br>
<p>By the end of the nineteenth century, an international network of regional botanic gardens was established, extending throughout the British Empire, and with the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew as the key centre for botanical information and collections. Gardens were established in most major towns in Queensland, with Townsville&#39;s Botanic Gardens being included on an 1868 survey plan.</p><br>
<p>However, the size of the original reserve in Townsville and its proximity to the city centre resulted in town planning leases and excising of reserve land to accommodate public recreation and institutions. The first successful incursion into the reserve was made by the Townsville Cricket Club, which applied for space in the northeast corner of the Gardens to build a pitch. A major division of the Garden Reserve took place in 1886 when the Trustees of the Townsville Grammar School were granted 10 acres on Paxton Street. In exchange, the Minister of Lands accepted the 25 acre Norman Reserve, a Reserve for Grammar School Purposes, in the name of the Botanical Gardens Trustees. The Norman Reserve, which was located nearby on Kissing Point, was never utilised as a Botanical Reserve and was included in the Reserve for Defence Purposes established on Kissing Point in 1889.</p><br>
<p>In the same year that the Botanic Gardens was gazetted as a park (1887), Burke Street was extended through the Reserve to Paxton Street. Significant incursions into the reserve included a Gaol Reserve and Reserve for a Lunatic Reception House in the southeast corner (1885) and a reserve for sport and recreation (12 acres in 1899). By 1915 the Reserve was reduced to 35 acres, with leases being issued to the Croquet Club (1924). The final carving up of the Botanical Gardens took place in 1948 when part of the reserve was leased to the Townsville Bowling Club and part excised as a recreation reserve. The Botanical Gardens was thus reduced to 10 acres (4ha), its present size.</p><br>
<p>The Townsville Municipal Council initially received no government funding for the gardens and did little towards getting them established. Funding continued to be a problem even after 1878 when William Anderson was appointed as the first "curator and practical gardener". Anderson resided on site in a cottage constructed for his appointment until he retired in 1934. At this time, a new cottage was built and the original cottage was reused as a nursery.</p><br>
<p>Anderson was given no power to purchase plants nor was he given funds to establish the gardens. By 1880, because of the Municipal Council&#39;s inaction, the gardens had been removed from its control and trustees appointed by the Queensland Government. Among these trustees was Thomas Allen Gulliver jnr, who had previously collected botanical material in Tasmania and North Queensland for Baron Ferdinand Von Mueller, Curator of the Melbourne Botanical Gardens and later Victorian Government Botanist. Thomas Gulliver and his brother, Benjamin Thomas Gulliver, had several plants collected from the Gulf of Carpentaria and Arnhem Land named in their honour. Baron von Mueller devoted his life to the study of systematic biology, and was the finest botanist in the southern hemisphere, describing and naming over 2000 Australian species and distributing Australian plants across the world.</p><br>
<p>Improvements in funding for the Townsville Botanic Gardens followed the appointment of trustees and, as planting and landscaping gradually proceeded, the gardens became a popular place for picnics and concerts. The Queensland Acclimatisation Society, which was formed in 1862, supplied initial plantings. Trees were also supplied from Anthelme le Thozets garden of exotic trees and shrubs in Rockhampton. Le Thozet was internationally renowned as a collector of plant specimens, and is most remembered for Muellerville, the experimental garden where he cultivated many trees and plants in order to determine their economic value and suitability for Queenslands tropical climate. Other trees were sent from Brisbane to Townsville by Walter Hill, the Curator of the Brisbane Botanical Gardens, who had visited Townsville in 1873. Walter Hill made a major contribution to the development of commercial crops in Queensland, supported the work of the Queensland Acclimatisation Society and was instrumental in establishing the Queensland network of botanic gardens.</p><br>
<p>However, funding for the Townsville Botanic Gardens continued to be scarce and the curator was forced to introduce charges for the use of the gardens for public functions, picnics and musical entertainments. Nevertheless, William Anderson was able to supply young trees to various bodies around North Queensland. Under a government subsidy scheme plants were supplied to the Ravenswood Park Committee, state schools at Croydon, Irvinebank and Black Jack and to many groups around Townsville. Plants were also exchanged with Botanical Gardens in Melbourne, Brisbane, Rockhampton and Port Darwin.</p><br>
<p>Anderson managed Queens Gardens within the parameters for which it was established as a trial garden for tropical economic plants. Some of the earliest recorded exotic fruit plantings included an acre of grape vines, along with cocoa nut trees (1896), coffee (1889), breadfruit (1899) and mangoes. Timber species included mahogany (1887), hoop pines and red cedar (1892). The majority of tropical tree species were planted around the perimeter of the gardens and included various figs, rain trees and an avenue of black bean.</p><br>
<p>The Agricultural and Pastoral exhibits of the first Townsville exhibition were held in August 1880 at the Botanical Gardens Reserve.</p><br>
<p>In 1893 the Council again took over responsibility for the gardens. Planting and landscaping gradually improved during the gardens&#39; formative years and by 1894, the place was involved in propagation, experimentation and exchange thus contributing to the network of botanical gardens. Initially the gardens focussed on the traditional functions for botanic gardens, however the late nineteenth century saw the introduction of the popular Paradise style, which gave the gardens a pleasure ground image. In 1898, after various conflicts over the management of the Gardens, the Townsville Municipal Council successfully requested the resignation of the trustees. From that time on the Gardens were maintained as a park, rather than botanical gardens.</p><br>
<p>The gardens became extremely popular with local residents during the 1880s and 1890s. Council records indicate that in 1890 the Rose Bud Club held a Gypsy Tea in Queens Gardens. Further photographic evidence of a garden party given by Baron Northcote, the Australian Governor-General and another event support the view that the gardens were utilised early as a place for special events. The proximity to the Townsville General Hospital also resulted in heavy visitor use.</p><br>
<p>A bush-house designed by local architects and civil engineers Tunbridge and Tunbridge was constructed in 1889. This structure and a kiosk were destroyed by Cyclone Leonta in March 1903 and the 1878 curator&#39;s cottage badly damaged.</p><br>
<p>Photographs reveal that the central avenue with line of sight to Castle Hill was a feature by 1890. Former structures include an orchid house, a hipped roof aviary (c.1938) and the 1878 curator&#39;s cottage. Evidence of ornament artefacts includes a moulded terrazzo urn (1957) as the central focus of the formal gardens and a large arched trellis as a feature of the rose garden. The urn originally featured a statue in its centre and four stylised birds surrounding its rim.</p><br>
<p>Queens Park was utilised as a military base for both Australian and American units during World War II. No. 6 Transportation and Movements Office, Company D of the 800th Military Police Brigade and a Stockade were based in Queens Park during 1942-1945. Initially accommodation was in tents until demountable buildings were constructed. During this period the large trees were preserved.</p><br>
<p>In 1959 the Council employed Alan Wilson, former Assistant Landscape Architect with the Brisbane City Council Parks Department, to redesign the Gardens as Superintendent of Parks and Reserves for Townsville. Photographic evidence indicates that Queens Park continued in a limited capacity as an experimental botanic garden until the 1959 redesign. It was renamed Queens Gardens at this time to honour Queen Elizabeth II.</p><br>
<p>Jim Thomas, former superintendent of the Royal Botanic Gardens in Sydney and trained in the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, succeeded Alan Wilson as Superintendent in 1968. Thomas continued to maintain the Wilson designed Queens Gardens and was instrumental in saving many nineteenth century trees after Cyclone Althea severely damaged the gardens in 1971.</p><br>
<p>In the latter half of the twentieth century, the gardens gained further popularity as a venue for ceremonies such as weddings and major events, including VP50 celebrations and the annual Eco Fiesta. Except for a few minor modifications, the 1959 layout of the gardens has been maintained.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Townsville&#39;s Queens Gardens has a formal mid-twentieth century design in which early Victorian elements have been retained. These include open lawns, a small zoological section and formal garden beds. Castle Hill forms a dramatic backdrop to the Gardens, complementing the placement of trees, shrubs, and decorative bedding plants.</p><br>
<p>The Queens Gardens planting is organised on both an ecological and generic system. On the perimeter are straight avenues of tropical rainforest trees planted in 1887. Dominating the eastern boundary is an avenue of black bean (Castanospermum australe), some of which are original plantings. Along the southern boundary in the precinct known as the rainforest walk are a variety of botanical, historical and visually significant trees such as the mahogany tree from the West Indies (Swietenia mahagoni), the large banyan (Ficus retusa); the rain tree (Samanea saman); and the native carbeen (Eucalyptus tessellaris). The rainforest walk contains about 166 species of trees, shrubs and groundcovers, representative of the dry rainforest environments of North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The main entrance to the Gardens is via the north-west entry gate on Paxton Street. The gate and fence consist of red brick gateposts and black-painted metal fence and gates. The second entrance is via the south-west entry gate on Gregory Street. A pedestrian path system comprises two tertiary paths, being the southeast-northwest and northeast-southwest paths in a classic "T" layout. The secondary path system circumnavigates and connects the "T" axis.</p><br>
<p>The formal entrance draws pedestrians down the southeast-northwest axis, which is flanked on either side by mirrored golden cane palms, formal annual beds and mazes. The granite rock face of Castle Hill dominates the vista of the southeast-northwest pedestrian path. The southeast-northwest and northeast-southwest paths intersect the central axis fountain, which is enclosed by a vine arbour and seating. Adjacent to the central fountain feature is a significant mango (Mangifera indica) and governors plum trees (Flacourtia jangomas).</p><br>
<p>The northern quadrant of the site contains a number of significant structures, artefacts and plantings. Aviaries and an adjacent vine arbour are a popular feature of the gardens, housing a variety of native parrots and farm birds. Behind the aviaries is the relocated and altered curators cottage (c.1878 and 1934). North of the aviaries past a herb garden is the secluded rose garden, which is enclosed on one side by columns transferred from the original Townsville Town Hall. This layout is a copy of the early twentieth century formal garden and includes the moulded terrazzo urn (1957) as the central focus.</p><br>
<p>The south-eastern half of the garden comprises open lawns and shady trees. Many of the trees in this area have historic and botanic significance, for example the hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii), oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) and tamarind (Tamarindus indicus). A small playground with a few simple swings is located in the far northern corner, with easy access via Kennedy Lane. The playground is not considered to be of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<p>Special areas include the Events Lawn with magnificent trees, a formal rose garden, the Herb Society&#39;s garden, a perennial border, two hedged mazes, Frangipani collection, a rainforest walk and the black bean (also known as Moreton Bay chestnuts) avenue. There is also a small aviary featuring peacocks, lorikeets and sulfur-crested cockatoos. The gardens were extensively damaged during Cyclone Yasi but is covering well. There are several sites well suited to outdoor weddings and similar events.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Queens Gardens was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 14 August 2008 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Townsvilles Queens Gardens demonstrates the development and continued management of a botanic garden in a regional city as a significant theme in the evolution and pattern of Queenslands history. The place has fulfilled the traditional functions of a botanic garden, including increasing horticultural knowledge about local plants with a view to developing their economic potential, sharing of this knowledge and seed stock nationally with like-minded institutions, and providing an attractive and educative venue for public recreation. As a regional botanic garden and part of the Queensland botanic gardens network, Queens Gardens has maintained a position within a national and international network of botanic gardens of which the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew in London, was the originating hub.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The place is an important example of a Queensland botanic garden and demonstrates the principal characteristics of a substantial tropical public botanic garden that has evolved over time. Founded on consistent ideological principles, Townsville Queens Gardens, as part of the Queensland botanic gardens network, is a clear and identifiable type of place, with congruous hard and soft landscape features being a consistent part of the design.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The combination of mature vegetation, open lawns and well-kept gardens provides an oasis close to the city centre. The gardens offer sensory aesthetic experiences engendered by the visual, auditory and olfactory qualities of the place that have been appreciated by the community over a long period of time. The gardens are enhanced by the landmark quality of Castle Hill&#39;s granite rock face, an important feature of the southeast-northwest vista.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The place, established as both a scientific and a pleasure garden, has continued this association and has evolved as a focus for community events. It has social significance as a long-used and popular reserve for public recreation.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Moran House was the East Hampton, New York home of Thomas Moran, 1837–1926, an American painter of the Hudson River School, known for his landscape paintings in the American West. Moran&#39;s watercolor paintings from the 1871 first survey of Yellowstone are credited with leading to the creation of the first National Park; his landscape paintings of the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone and others have hung in the USA Capitol building and in the Oval Office of the White House. The Thomas Moran House was constructed in 1884.</p><br>
<p>The building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965.</p><br>
<p>The house is located at 229 Main Street in East Hampton. It is closed to the public and is currently under restoration.</p><br>
<p>The house is quite large, with two living areas, and extensive grounds. It is located across the street from the Town Pond.</p><br>
<p>The main room in the house is Thomas Moran&#39;s studio. It is a large and airy room with 20 foot ceilings where Moran completed many of his works. Moran entertained many visitors and fellow artists in his home, including J. Thompson and Robert Wood.</p><br>
<p>The house was Moran&#39;s primary residence from 1884 until his death in 1926. He and his wife, Scottish born Mary Nimmo Moran (1842–99), an etcher and landscape painter, are buried across the street in the South Side Cemetery by the East Hampton Town Pond.</p><br>
<p>The house remained privately owned until 2004 when its owner Elizabeth Lamb died and left it to the owners of Guild Hall (East Hampton&#39;s cultural center dedicated in 1931 which is a couple blocks from the Moran House).</p><br>
<p>The house had fallen into considerable disrepair. In June 2008 the house was transferred to the Thomas Moran Trust so that it can specifically raise funds to restore the structure.</p><br>
<p>The Thomas Paine Cottage in New Rochelle, New York in the United States, was the home from 1802 to 1806 of Thomas Paine, author of Common Sense and Revolutionary War hero. Paine was buried near the cottage from his death in 1809 until his body was disinterred in 1819. It was one of a number of buildings located on the 300 acre farm given to Paine by the State of New York in 1784, in recognition of his services in the cause of Independence. It was here in August 1805 that he wrote his last pamphlet, which was addressed to the citizens of Philadelphia on "Constitutional Reform".</p><br>
<p>The cottage has been owned by the "Huguenot and New Rochelle Historical Association" and has been operated as a historic house museum since 1910. The cottage is open to the public Thursday, Saturday & Sunday 10-5 p.m. There are numerous weekend events scheduled at the cottage throughout the year including their Colonial Fair in the spring and Little Ghouls & Goblins Haunted House in October. In addition, the cottage hosts many local school field trips.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The cottage is a two-story wood-frame saltbox structure. It began as a simple building 16 ft wide and 31 ft deep. In 1804, an additional 18 by wing with a porch was constructed. An exterior door and porch pillars in the Greek Revival style were added in about 1830. The main house has three rooms set one behind the other; the kitchen in front, a common room in the center and a bedroom in the rear. The wing to the right contains the parlor and there are four bedrooms on the second floor. The entrance door and the pillars of the porch on the wing are Greek Revival and were added about 1830. The current arrangement has rooms decorated in the late 18th and early 19th century style as well as exhibits pertaining to the history of New Rochelle, the local Siwanoy Indians, and the Huguenots.</p><br>
<p>The front door to the cottage enters directly into its main room, which is maintained as the "Huguenot Room". The desk is said to have belonged to Jacques Flandreau, an early Huguenot settler of the town. Over the desk is a steel engraving from the celebrated painting at Versailles showing King Henry IV of France (Henry of Navarre) entering Paris through the unfinished Porte-Neuve on the morning of March 22, 1594.</p><br>
<p>The rear room on the first floor is known as the "Paine Room". On Christmas Eve, 1805, a gun was fired into this room in an attempt on Paine&#39;s life. He described the incident in a letter:</p><br>
<p>There are several interesting items in this room. There are two chairs used by Paine when he boarded at Bayeau&#39;s Tavern, almost directly across North Avenue. Another item is the stove set in the chimney. It was presented by Benjamin Franklin to Thomas Paine, and is one of the few real Franklin stoves in existence. Still another item is a warming pan which belonged to Mrs. Sarah Bache (1774-1808), daughter of Benjamin Franklin and wife of Richard Bache who was postmaster-general of the United States from 1776-1782.</p><br>
<h3>Restoration</h3><br>
<p>A 2009 restoration project at the Cottage has enabled the site to more accurately relate the story of the building once owned by one of the leading figures in America’s fight for Independence. The stewards of the Cottage, members of the Huguenot and New Rochelle Historical Association, were able to raise funds to complete critically needed repairs on the 200+ year old building. In the process, the group also recognized the need to return the building to its original integrity, to the extent documented in archival photographs and by physical evidence. With a $50,000 grant obtained by State Assemblywoman Amy Paulin and individual donations, the Association hired local architect John Woodruff and the restoration firm, Salem Preservation, Inc. of Salem, NY, for the exterior’s restoration. As the Cottage is also a locally-designated property, the New Rochelle Historical and Landmarks Review Board reviewed all aspects of the project before it moved forward.</p><br>
<p>The work included the removal of the asphalt roof and replacement with wood shingles, which also included exposing two original windows on the upper floor. Other major work to restore the building to its original integrity involved the reconstruction of a separate roof above the porch and below the windows and the replacement of wood shingles on the entire house with Weatherboard and the repair and replacement of gutters and wood trim.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Thauvet-Besley-DeVeaux-Paine Farm</h3><br>
<p>The park in which Paines Cottage now stands is a very small section of the Thomas Paine farm. This farm in turn was a part of the original purchase of four hundred acres of land, made in 1690, by Andre Thauvet, one of the first Huguenot settlers of New Rochelle. Thauvet deeded two hundred and seventy-six acres to Captain Oliver Besley, another Huguenot, then a Justice of the Peace and at one time the commanding officer of the local company of militia. By the time of the American Revolution, the property was owned by Tory Frederick DeVeaux/Davoue. During the Revolution Davoue remained loyal to the British crown. His active participation against the patriot cause, both in civil and military afiairs, brought upon him a conviction for treason against the State of New York which resulted in the confiscation of his property. DeVeaux became a voluntary exile in Nova Scotia with other Tories. The farm was granted to Thomas Paine by act of New York State Legislature in 1784 in recognition of his "distinguished merit" and “eminent services rendered the United States in the progress of the late war." The large original stone farmhouse on the Davoue farm was destroyed by fire in 1793, during Paines absence in France.</p><br>
<p>The 277 acre farm was originally owned by the Tory Frederick DeVeaux (sometimes spelled "Davoue"), but was confiscated after the war.</p><br>
<p>320 acres including the farm were presented to Paine in 1784 by act of the New York State Legislature for his service. The stone house occupied by Davoue was destroyed by fire in 1793 and replaced with the cottage while Paine was in Europe.</p><br>
<h3>Huguenot Association</h3><br>
<p>The Huguenot Association acquired the house from Charles See, who wanted to subdivide the property for real estate development. It was moved approximately 440 yards west to its current location at 20 Sicard Avenue in 1908. This is the last extant portion of the original farm owned by Paine.</p><br>
<p>The current cottage was built in 1793 near the site of the Davoue house on the south side of Paine Lane, now called Paine Avenue. This house was built in two parts, the present westerly section, soon after 1793, and the easterly addition probably about 1804. Paine owned the property for twenty five years and appears to have leased it a large part of the time. He made no pretentions of being a farmer, and his letters clearly show that writing was his chief occupation and farm operations were of secondary importance. He described the farm in a letter to Thomas Jefferson in 1804:</p><br>
<h3>Preservation of the Cottage</h3><br>
<p>The erection of the Thomas Paine Monument in 1839 was followed by several attempts to preserve the cottage in which Paine had lived as an additional Memorial. One of the most ambitious of these was in 1850 when not only the cottage itself was purchased, but also a considerable part of the original farm. This project was later abandoned and the property sold. It was not until 1908 that the efforts to preserve the cottage were successful. In that year it became necessary either to remove the house to a new location or demolish it outright. The owner, Charles W. Seer, generously gifted it to the New Rochelle Huguenot Association who in turn approved the purchase of the park in which the cottage now stands, which was a portion of the Paine farm. The cottage was removed to its present site, repaired, and outfitted as a museum and historical headquarters. It was dedicated on July 14, 1910, and formally opened to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Cottage grounds</h2><br>
<h3>Burial Site</h3><br>
<p>Paine died in Greenwich Village, New York on June 8, 1809. He wanted to be buried in the Quaker cemetery but, due to his writings, he was refused. His few remaining friends brought his body back to New Rochelle and interred on his farm as directed by his will:</p><br>
<p>The site chosen for the grave was in the northwest corner of the field immediately south of the old Davoue Farm lane near the intersection with North Avenue. The site was marked by a marble headstone and was enclosed by a low stone wall.</p><br>
<p>In 1819, the English radical William Cobbett removed Paines remains to England to build a larger memorial, but Cobbett died before succeeding and the remains disappeared. Dr. Moncure D. Conway claimed to have recovered a portion of Paines brain around 1905; it was subsequently buried under the monument on October 14, 1905.</p><br>
<h3>Museum</h3><br>
<p>Located adjacent to the cottage is a 1925 museum dedicated to Paine created by the Thomas Paine National Historical Association. The organization, founded in 1905, is not connected either to the cottage or to the Huguenot and New Rochelle Historical Association.</p><br>
<h3>Monument</h3><br>
<p>The creation of the Thomas Paine monument was organized and carried to completion by Paine biographer and radical New York publisher, educator, and reformer Gilbert Vale. Vale&#39;s fellow American radical and Workingman, the sculptor and architect John Frazee, created the marble monument itself. An 1881 bronze bust of Paine by Wilson McDonald was later added. It was moved next to the current location of the cottage in 1905. It is owned by the city of New Rochelle.</p><br>
<h3>Brewster Schoolhouse</h3><br>
<p>The Sophia Brewster One-Room Schoolhouse, the oldest private school in New Rochelle, was also moved to the property.</p><br>
<p>Pine Mountain is a ridge in the Appalachian Mountains running through Kentucky, Virginia and Tennessee. It extends about 125 miles from near Jellico, Tennessee, to a location near Elkhorn City, Kentucky. Birch Knob, the highest point, is 3,273 feet above sea level and is located on the Kentucky-Virginia border. It has been a barrier to transportation as the Cumberland River at Pineville, Kentucky is one of only two streams passing through the entire ridge. The other is Hickory Creek near Jellico, TN.</p><br>
<p>Several parks are located along the ridge, including Pine Mountain State Resort Park and Kingdom Come State Park, Breaks Interstate Park, Kiwanis Raven Rock Park, Kentenia State Forest, Pine Mountain State Scenic Trail and the Little Shepherd Trail.</p><br>
<p>Wildlife is abundant on Pine Mountain. The land is claimed to be the "Black Bear Capital of Kentucky." Black bears, elk, rattlesnakes, and deer are found on Pine Mountain.</p><br>
<p>St. Thomas Episcopal Church is located on River Road in New Windsor, New York, a short distance off US 9W. It is part of the Episcopal Diocese of New York. The small stone building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The congregation of St. Thomas Episcopal Church was organized about 1728, and initially met at Ellison&#39;s store. The parish was established in 1818 and the first church building was erected on land bequeathed by Thomas Ellison. A rectory was built in 1859, but sold in 1864.</p><br>
<p>St. Georges Episcopal Church in Newburgh developed from New Windsors St. Thomas.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>In 1844, the old church having been destroyed by fire, a new one was started in 1847 and completed in 1849 based on plans from a 1230 church in England. It is referred to as the “first Medieval Gothic Church in the United States". The granite stone came from rock blasted out of nearby Breakneck Mountain to create the tunnel for the Hudson River Railroad.</p><br>
<p>A Tiffany landscape window called "Calvary" was added in 1906.</p><br>
<p>The Appenzell Alps  are a mountain range in Switzerland on the northern edge of the Alps. They extend into the cantons of Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Appenzell Innerrhoden and St. Gallen and are bordered by the Glarus Alps to the west and the Rätikon to the south-east.</p><br>
<h2>Sub-ranges</h2><br>
<p>The range is split up into six sub-ranges:</p><br>
<p>Alpstein, central group, highest summit: Altmann, 2,435 m</p><br>
<p>Alpstein, northern group, highest summit: Säntis, 2,502 m</p><br>
<p>Alpstein, southern group, highest summit: Roslen- or Saxerfirst, 2,151 m</p><br>
<p>Alviergruppe, highest summit: Gamsberg, 2,385 m</p><br>
<p>Churfirsten, highest summit: Hinterrugg, 2,306 m</p><br>
<p>Speer - Mattstock, highest summit: Speer, 1,950 m</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<h3>Principal summits</h3><br>
<p>The principal summits of the Appenzell Alps are:</p><br>
<p>Säntis, 2,502 m</p><br>
<p>Girenspitz, 2,448 m</p><br>
<p>Altmann, 2,436 m</p><br>
<p>Gamsberg, 2,385 m</p><br>
<p>Fulfirst, 2,384 m</p><br>
<p>Wildhuser Schafberg, 2,373 m</p><br>
<p>Wisswand, 2,346 m</p><br>
<p>Alvier, 2,343 m</p><br>
<p>Hinterrugg, 2,306 m</p><br>
<p>Brisi, 2,279 m</p><br>
<p>Frümsel, 2,267 m</p><br>
<p>Zuestoll, 2,235 m</p><br>
<p>Margelchopf, 2,163 m</p><br>
<p>Silberplatten, 2,158 m</p><br>
<p>Schibestoll, 2,136 m</p><br>
<p>Leistchamm, 2,101 m</p><br>
<p>Gamser Rugg, 2,076 m</p><br>
<p>Kreuzberge, 2,065 m</p><br>
<p>Lütispitz, 1,987 m</p><br>
<p>Speer, 1,950 m</p><br>
<p>Mattstock, 1,936 m</p><br>
<p>Schäfler, 1,924 m</p><br>
<p>Federispitz, 1,865 m</p><br>
<p>Gonzen, 1,830 m</p><br>
<p>Hoher Kasten, 1,795 m</p><br>
<p>Gulmen, 1,789 m</p><br>
<p>Stockberg, 1,781 m</p><br>
<p>Kronberg, 1,663 m</p><br>
<p>Ebenalp, 1,640 m</p><br>
<p>Hochalp, 1,521 m</p><br>
<h3>Other interesting summits</h3><br>
<p>Kamor, 1,751 m</p><br>
<p>Tanzboden, 1,443 m</p><br>
<p>Chrüzegg, 1,314 m</p><br>
<p>Gäbris, 1,247 m</p><br>
<p>Hörnli, 1,133 m</p><br>
<p>Köbelisberg, 1,131 m</p><br>
<p>Bachtel, 1,115 m</p><br>
<p>Lac des Sapins, literally translated into English as the lake of the fir-trees, is an artificial lake located in the region of Rhône-Alpes. It is situated 65 km northwest of the city of Lyon.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction of the lake began in the summer of 1967 by Louis Gueydon. The lake was built to try to develop the tourist industry in the region after the decline in industry in rural areas. In 1983, a camping park next to the lake was built with chalets, caravans etc. The investment proved to be successful, and in 1990 the camping park was extended, with the chalets and caravans upgraded or renovated. There were also multiple sports activities proposed (mountain biking, wind-surfing, volleyball and acrobranching).</p><br>
<p>Segara Anak is a crater lake contained within Mount Rinjani on the island of Lombok in Indonesia. The name Segara Anak means child of the sea given to the blue colour of the lake reminiscent of the sea. The lake is heated, so its temperature is 20-22 °C, about 5-7 °C above the expected temperature for a lake in that altitude. At the west end of the lake is the volcanic cone Gunung Baru Jari, giving to the lake a crescent shape. Gas bubbles escape from the lake floor. The lake pH is 7-8.</p><br>
<p>Water surface of Segara Anak is 2,004 m above mean average sea level (MASL) as the second-highest caldera lake with an active volcano in Indonesia, while the peak of Gunung Baru Jari is 2,376 m above MASL. Caldera lake area is 7.5x6.0 kilometer square with depth up to 230 meters.</p><br>
<h2>Mount Samalas</h2><br>
<p>Lake Segara Anak is the remnant of a volcanic mountain named Mount Samalas, with an estimated height of 4200 metres. According to a 2013 study Mount Samalas erupted in 1257 AD, throwing as much as 10 cubic miles of rock into the atmosphere, and destroying the mountain. The eruption probably was a 7 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index, which would make it one of the largest eruptions of the last several thousand years. The eruption may have been the cause of anomalous weather in immediately following years, and may have even been a triggering factor for the Little Ice Age.</p><br>
<p>The John Hunt Morgan Memorial in Lexington, Kentucky, is a monument created as a tribute to Confederate General John Hunt Morgan, who was from Lexington and is buried in nearby Lexington Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>With the help of the state government of Kentucky, the United Daughters of the Confederacy erected the monument on October 18, 1911 on what was then the courthouse lawn. The bronze statue was cast in Brooklyn, New York, at a cost of $15,000. The state of Kentucky contributed $7,500 of the cost because the UDC was unable to raise all of the funds promised. The ceremony included a parade of 400 veterans. The pedestal is of granite. The monument was dedicated by Morgans brother-in-law Basil W. Duke, master of ceremonies, and keynote speaker Dr. Guy Carleton Lee, a third cousin of Robert E. Lee. Also in attendance were John Castleman, and Morgans brothers Charlton and Dick. Of the monuments of the American Civil War in Kentucky, it is the only one with a soldier on horseback.</p><br>
<p>Morgan&#39;s horse, Black Bess, was a mare, but sculptor Pompeo Coppini thought a stallion was more appropriate. Coppini said, "No hero should bestride a mare!". Therefore, Coppini added the necessary testicles. Undergraduates from nearby University of Kentucky have been known to paint the testicles of the horse in the school colors of blue and white. An anonymous author wrote the "Ballad of Black Bess", which ended with:</p><br>
<p>The memorial was one of 60 different Civil War properties in Kentucky placed on the National Register of Historic Places on the same day, July 17, 1997. Three other properties listed that day are also located in Lexington: the John C. Breckinridge Memorial, which is on the other side of the same block as the Morgan Memorial, and the Confederate Soldier Monument in Lexington and the Ladies&#39; Confederate Memorial, both in nearby Lexington Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>In November 2015, a committee, the Urban County Arts Review Board’s, voted to recommend removal of the Morgan and Breckinridge memorials. In the aftermath of the violence at the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, Mayor Jim Gray re-announced plans to relocate the memorial to Veterans Park in south Lexington.</p><br>
<p>Little Manitou Lake is a small saltwater lake about 120 kilometres south-east of Saskatoon, Canada. The lake was formed by receding glaciers during the most recent ice age. It is fed by underground springs, and has a mineral content high in sodium, magnesium and potassium salts due to it being a terminal lake. The salt content of the water  gives it a salinity about half of that of the Dead Sea , allowing bathers to float easily.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Since the 19th century, native people have been bringing sick people to the lake they named after the spirit Manitou. The earliest known practice of using this water to heal was when some Assiniboine people afflicted with smallpox were supposedly cured after drinking and submerging themselves in the water.</p><br>
<p>Since the turn of the 20th century and the depression of the 1930s, Manitou has been a tourist resort due to its unique mineral waters. Since the late 1980s, the claimed health benefits and the buoyancy of the water have once again made it a popular tourist destination.</p><br>
<p>Manitou Beach has spawned an arts community, made evident by the founding of an Artists&#39; Collective called "Spirit of Manitou Studio Trail". The Spirit of Manitou Studio Trail consists of an open studio/gallery weekend tour including artists/artisans from the localities of Allan, Meacham, Watrous and Manitou Beach.</p><br>
<p>Kohama Island  is an island in the Yaeyama Islands group at the southwestern end of the Ryukyu Islands chain, and part of Taketomi, Yaeyama District, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. The island has an area of 7.84 km&sup2;, with a surrounding area of 16.6 km&sup2;. The island is located about 25 minutes by ferry from Ishigaki Island, which is the transportation and business center of the Yaeyama Islands.</p><br>
<p>The 2001 NHK drama series Churasan was set on the island. Shinobu Miyara, former member of Da Pump, is from Kohama-jima.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Kohamajima is accessible via several ferries from Ishigaki Marina, Taketomi Island, and Iriomote Island.</p><br>
<h2>Sights</h2><br>
<p>As the TV drama Churasan was very popular all over Japan, Kohamajima is visited by comparatively many tourists. Kohaguraso, a historic house in Kohama, the only village on the island, is one of the most important tourist attractions, as the drama was set here. The house, which is built in the traditional style with a hip roof and a veranda, is surrounded by a wall made of coral stones. Another tourist attraction is a road in the eastern part of the island where sugarcane is grown. The road which got the nickname Sugar Road can be seen in the TV drama as well.</p><br>
<p>Mount Ufudaki is the highest spot of the island. Its height is 99 m. The viewpoint on its top offers a scenic view of the whole island and of Iriomote, the neighbouring island.</p><br>
<p>The small museum in the village of Kohama is worth a visit as well.</p><br>
<p>On the eastern beach of Kohamajima there is a white gate. An old staircase with white lilies on both sides leads to a small sacred stone which is on a small hill under an old tree.</p><br>
<h2>Infrastructure</h2><br>
<p>There are some small shops, restaurants and guesthouses on the island. The village has a modern school and an administration building. Outside the village there is a large hotel resort.</p><br>
<h2>Impressions from Kohamajima</h2><br>
<p>Mount Boyce is a hill standing approximately 1,093 m AMSL, situated as one of the highest points on a plateau within the Explorer Range, part of the Blue Mountains Range which is a spur off the Great Dividing Range. Mount Boyce is located 2 km north of, in New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Location and features</h2><br>
<p>Mount Boyce is situated close to the point where the Great Western Highway passes by the location of a heavy vehicle checking station. Approximately 300 m west of Mount Boyce, the land drops sharply in cliffs and steep slopes to the Kanimbla Valley.</p><br>
<p>Mount Boyce was named on 26 April 1923 in honour of Venerable Archdeacon Francis Bertie Boyce, an Australian clergyman and social reformer, who was born in England in 1844 and died in Blackheath in 1931.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Mount Boyce has a oceanic climate with mild summers and cool winters. Due to its elevation, it has a highland influence.</p><br>
<p>The Allgäu Alps  are a mountain range in the Northern Limestone Alps, located in Bavaria in Germany and Tyrol and Vorarlberg in Austria. The range lies directly east of Lake Constance.</p><br>
<h2>Character</h2><br>
<p>The mountain range is characterised by an unusual variety of rock formations and consequently a rich tapestry of landscapes, in particular, the steep "grass mountains" (Grasberge) of the Allgäu Alps with gradients of up to 70°. Its flora is amongst the most varied in the whole Alpine region and its accessibility by lifts and paths is outstanding. The mountain paths (Höhenwege) running from hut to hut are well known and hikers can spend seven to ten days walking in the mountains without descending to inhabited valleys. Thanks to its location on the northern edge of the Alps, the region has relatively high precipitation and is the rainiest in Germany. In winter the Allgäu Alps – at least in the higher regions – are comparatively snowy. Even a small glacier and several permanent snowfields survive.</p><br>
<p>The Allgäu Alps and the Allgäu region are not identical. The Allgäu is a landscape that, according to present-day understanding, is (almost entirely, but see Tannheimer Tal) on German soil. By contrast, the Allgäu Alps are a mountain range of the Alps whose definition falls out of the Alpine Club classification of the Eastern Alps. Parts of the Allgäu Alps, including its highest summit, lie on Austrian soil. The Allgäu region, however, extends far beyond the Allgäu Alps to the north and northwest.</p><br>
<h2>Neighbouring ranges</h2><br>
<p>The Allgäu Alps border on the Bregenz Forest Mountains in the west, the Lechquellen Mountains in the southwest, the Lechtal Alps in the south and southeast and the Ammergau Alps in the east. All these ranges belong, like the Allgäu Alps themselves, to the Northern Limestone Alps. In the north the Allgäu Alps give way to the Alpine Foreland.</p><br>
<h2>Boundary</h2><br>
<p>The boundary of the range is only unambiguously clear in the east, southeast and south.</p><br>
<p>The River Lech forms the boundary here from where it leaves the Alps and enters the Alpine Foreland near Füssen upstream to its confluence with the Krumbach near Warth (Vorarlberg). The Krumbach forms the boundary as far as the Hochtannberg Pass. It then continues along the Seebach and Bregenzer Ach streams to Au-Rehmen.</p><br>
<p>The border of the Allgäu Alps in the west, where it transitions to the Bregenz Forest Mountains is not orographically distinct. The Alpine Club classification of the Eastern Alps, published in 1984, draws the boundary as follows: from Au-Rehmen along the Rehmerbach upstream t othe Stogger Saddle. Then it descends, following the Osterguntenbach, the Schönenbach and the Subersach to its confluence with the Bregenzer Ach and along this river to where it joins the Weißach or event to Lake Constance.</p><br>
<p>The limit of the Allgäu Alps in the north is indistinct. One more restricted variant runs from the confluence of the Weißach and Bregenzer Ach along the Weißach to Oberstaufen. It then continues along the Konstanzer Ache and the Großer Alpsee lake to Immenstadt and onwards through the villages of Rettenberg, Wertach, Nesselwang to Pfronten-Ried. Then it continues along the Vils stream to where it discharges into the Lech near the town of Vils. However, there are more mountains north of this line which, albeit not especially high - are made of the same rock as the larger mountains of the Allgäu Alps and were uplifted by the same orogenic processes. If these ridges are counted as part of the Allgäu Alps, then the northern boundary runs from Lake Constance near Lindau to Isny and northwards around the Adelegg to Kempten. From there it goes via Nesselwang and Füssen to the Lech, the boundary running north of the Falken ridge.</p><br>
<p>The Hochtannberg Pass joins the Allgäu Alps to the Lechquellen. The Stogger Saddle is the link with the Bregenz Forest Mountains.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The mountain ranges of the Northern Limestone Alps can be divided into two categories in terms of their topography: mountain chains and plateaux. With the exception of the area around the limestone plateau of the Hoher Ifen, the western mountain ranges, including the Allgäu Alps, form mountain chains unlike the eastern plateau ranges, such as the Lofer Steinberg mountains.</p><br>
<p>The only mountain chain proper runs through the south-eastern and eastern part of the Allgäu Alps and forms the Austro-German border. This main chain, with a brief interruption in the area of Rauheck, is built from a very widespread rock formation, known as main dolomite. It begins at the saddle of the Schrofen Pass at the head of the Rappenalpen valley and runs largely in a straight course to the Oberjoch saddle.</p><br>
<p>A large number of side ridges branch off the main chain. Heading southwest are the: Hohe Licht and Peischel Group to the south and east, the Himmelschrofen ridge to the north, the Hornbach Range to the east, the Fürschießer to the northwest, the Kegelköpfe to the northwest, the Höfats Group to the northwest, the Kanzberg ridge to the east, the Daumen Group with its branches to the north, the east and the Rosskar Group to the east and the Leilach Group with its branches to the east and northeast.</p><br>
<p>The main chain of the Allgäu Alps is not in the middle of the mountain range, but on its southern and south-eastern perimeter. It follows that the side ridges branch off to the north and north-west are longer than those branching to the south and east. The valleys leading from the north to the main chain, are also longer than the valleys to its south. This has a significant impact on mountain tourism. For example, it is quicker to get to large parts of the main chain from the south than from the north, especially bearing in mind that several valleys south of Oberstdorf and near Hinterstein are out of bounds to private cars. It is, for example, only 3.5 km as the crow flies from the summit of the Hohes Licht to the Lech valley road to the south. To the north, however, the nearest public highway is 8.5 km away. For the Hochvogel, the corresponding distances are 3 km to the south, but 11 km to the north. In addition, the starting points for walks south of the main ridge are often situated higher than those to the north. Despite these clear factors, hikers still approach the Allgäu Alps, including their main chain, predominantly from the north, i.e. from the German side.</p><br>
<p>In the western part of the Allgäu Alps there is no continuous main ridge. From the Fellhorn to the Widderstein, there is a ridge in front of the main chain, which terminates in a semicircle at the head of the Kleines Walsertal valley. The mountain chain character of the Allgäu Alps is interrupted by the Ifen and the Gottesacke Plateau (Cretaceous rocks). Here a karst plateau has been formed - uniquely for the Allgäu Alps and beyond. Further north the Flysch Mountains again form small chains. This is followed by Nagelfluh chain which is made of molasse. This is the most attractive molasse mountain range sculpted in the entire Alps. The lower mountains further north also form small chains.</p><br>
<p>The central part of the Tannheim group is made of Wetterstein limestone, a reef limestone. This accounts for the isolated location of these mountains which are not topographically connected to the main chain of the Allgäu Alps. Within the Tannheim group there is a local main ridge between Aggenstein and Hahnenkamm. The mountains to the east and north of it are individual mountain massifs.</p><br>
<h2>Subgroups</h2><br>
<p>The older, out of print editions of the Alpine Club Guide for the Allgäu Alps divide the range into the Main Chain of the Allgäu (Allgäuer Hauptkamm) and the Side Ridges and Other Groups (Seitenkämme und übrige Gruppen).</p><br>
<p>The Main Chain of the Allgäu is divided into eight subgroups: the Rappen Alps, the Hochlicht Group, Peischel Group, Mädelegabel Group, Krottenspitze Group, Wilden Group, Hochvogel Group and Rauhhorn Ridge (Rauhhornzug).</p><br>
<p>The Side Ridges and Other Groups comprise ten subgroups: the Hornbach chain, Höfats Group, Daumen Group, Roßzahn Group, Vilsalpsee-(Leilach) Group, the mountains between Breitach and Stillach (Schafalpen and Warmatsgund), the Walsertal Mountains (Walsertaler Berge) left of the Breitach, foothills west of the Iller, foothills east of the Iller and the Tannheim Mountains (Tannheimer Berge).</p><br>
<p>The current, 16th edition, of the Alpine Club Guide for the Allgäu Alps adopts a coarser division into only twelve subgroups. A direct comparison between the subgroups of the old schema and the subdivisions of the new one is not possible, because the boundaries between the subgroups have been redrawn in places.</p><br>
<h3>Allgäu Prealps west of the Iller</h3><br>
<p>The southern boundary of this subrange runs from Oberstdorf via Rohrmoos to Sibratsgfäll. Its highest peak is the Hochgrat. These mountains are a popular walking area. Its rock formation is varied. In the north it is dominated by molasse. This forms the well known Nagelfluh chain with mountains like the Hochgrat, the Rindalphorn, the Stuiben and the Steineberg. The increasingly lower mountains north of the Nagelfluh chain are also made of molasse, as is the adjoining southern chain around the Girenkopf and the Siplingerkopf.</p><br>
<p>The summits rising to the south consist of flysch. This is the more northerly of the two flysch zones in the Allgäu Alps. The mountains have a more gentle, rounded shape. As a result, they are a popular area in winter for ski and snowshoe tours. The best known mountain of this flysch zone is the Riedberger Horn, which is easy to climb from the Riedberg Pass. The so-called "horns" (Hörner) - the Ofterschwanger Horn, Sigiswanger Horn, Rangiswanger Horn and Bolsterlanger Horn - also belong to the flysch zone.</p><br>
<p>South of the Riedberg Pass the rock changes again. This is the start of the Schratten limestone of the chalk formation, the rock which forms the prominent peak of Besler. Its summit can be reached via an exposed incline or somewhat more easily using a detour from the south. The Besler, like many other mountains of this subrange, offers a good view of the main chain of the Allgäu Alps.</p><br>
<h3>Northwestern Walsertal Mountains</h3><br>
<p>The valley known as the Kleine Walsertal forms the southern edge of the Northwestern Walsertal Mountains (Nordwestliche Walsertaler Berge); the valley running from Oberstdorf via Rohrmoos to Sibratsgfäll is its northern demarcation. The Northwestern and Southeastern Walsertal Mountains meet at the Üntschen Pass. The highest peak is the Hohe Ifen. This mountain, together with the neighbouring Gottesacker plateau is also the most striking feature of this subrange and is formed from rocks of the Cretaceous, unlike the remaining mountains of the subgroup which are built of flysch. This is a part of the southern flysch zone of the Allgäu Alps. The Hohe Ifen and Gottesacker plateau separate the southern from the northern flysch zones. Thus the Hohe Ifen and the Gottesacker plateau form a geological window through which the next oldest rock below the flysch layer (Flyschdecke) comes to light.</p><br>
<h3>Southeastern Walsertal Mountains</h3><br>
<p>The subgroup of the Southeastern Walsertal Mountains (Südöstliche Walsertaler Berge) is bounded in the north by the Kleine Walsertal valley. To the east and southeast are the valleys of the Stillach and the Rappenalpenbach. The Üntschen Pass connects the Southeastern Walsertal Mountains with the Northwestern Walsertal Mountains. The Schrofen Pass is the bridge to the central chain of the Allgäu Alps. The highest mountain in the subgroup is the Widderstein. The range is home to the well-known hiking and skiing area of the Fellhorn and Kanzelwand ski lifts and the famous Mindelheimer Klettersteig. Very popular areas, such as the Fellhorn or in the vicinity of the Mindelheimer Hut, contrast with areas of greater solitude opposite in the mountains northeast of the Fiderescharte col. The Fellhorn is located in the southern flysch zone of the Allgäu Alps. The ridgeline from the Widderstein via the Schafalpenköpfe to the Griesgundkopf consists of main dolomite. The subrange also contains lias, for example, at the Elfer.</p><br>
<h3>Main Chain</h3><br>
<p>The sub-group of the Main Chain of the Allgäu Alps (Zentraler Hauptkamm) extends from the Schrofen Pass to the Mädelejoch saddle and forms the centre of the Allgäu Alps. The famous Heilbronn Way runs along here. Famous peaks such as the triumvirate of the Trettachspitze, Mädelegabel and Hochfrottspitze or Hohes Licht (the highest peak of the subgroup at ) are located in this sub-range. However, there are also isolated areas such as the Himmelschrofen ridge and Peischel Group which lies to the south alongside the Lech Valley. The main peaks are formed from main dolomite. This so-called Lechtal Nappe (Lechtaldecke) has been pushed onto the Allgäu Beds made of lias. There are examples of this overthrust plate in many places, for example, in the vicinity of the Kempten Hut (Trettach Gully) or the Rappensee Hut (Linkerskopf). In some cases even a double overthrust of the rocks may be observed. Thus, the northern part of Himmelschrofen ridge is made of main dolomite. The southern part consists of lias rock of the Allgäu Beds that have been pushed over the main dolomite. In turn the main dolomite has been thrust over the Allgäu Beds again.</p><br>
<h3>Allgäu Prealps east of the Iller</h3><br>
<p>This sub-group is located north of the Oberjoch saddle. The Iller valley forms its western boundary, the Ostrach valley delineates it to the south and the Vilstal valley to the east. The highest mountain is the Grünten. These mountains offer a scenic backdrop for leisure activities, especially for hikers. They also have the advantage of being snow-free for longer than the adjoining subranges of the Allgäu Alps to the south. The mountains consist of four rock groups. In the northernmost ridges molasse is dominant. In places flysch is represented, as is main dolomite. And finally, there are the Schratten limestones of the Cretaceous period on the Grünten, making it a geological relative of the Hoher Ifen.</p><br>
<h3>Tannheim Mountains</h3><br>
<p>The subgroup of the Tannheim Mountains (Tannheimer Berge) was still counted in the first half of the last century as an independent mountain range in the Northern Limestone Alps. In places the name "Vils Alps" (Vilser Alpen) was common. Only later was it considered part of the Allgäu Alps. The highest mountain is the Köllenspitze. The broad Tannheim valley clearly separates the Tannheim Mountains from the rest of the Allgäu Alps. There are geological differences too. Whilst large areas of the Allgäu Alps are made of brittle main dolomite or Jurassic rocks of the Allgäu Beds which must also be carefully handled, Wetterstein limestone, a reef limestone, dominates the main part of the Tannheim Mountains. This is a solid rock. As a result, the Tannheim Mountains, with their well known peaks, the Rote Flüh, Gimpel, Köllenspitze and Gehrenspitze, are a renowned climbing area. The subrange is also popular with mountain hikers. Especially in the early summer, when the main chain of the Allgäu Alps is still snow-covered, there are many paths here that are already passable.</p><br>
<h3>Falkenstein ridge</h3><br>
<p>The Falkenstein ridge (Kamm des Falkensteins) is a very small and not especially high subgroup on the northeast edge of the Allgäu Alps between Pfronten and Füssen. Locally it is called the Falkensteinkamm or even the Zirmgrat. The Vils river separates the subrange from the Tannheim Mountains. On the far side of the River Lech are the Ammergau Alps.</p><br>
<p>The highest peak is the Salober or Zwölferkopf (also Zirmgrat). The well known and legendary lake of Alatsee is located in these mountains, the larger Weißensee lies on their northern edge. The mountain chain may be cross on footpaths. Views are somewhat restricted due to trees. As a result, on the predominant Wetterstein limestone there are, however, striking rock formations. The south side is a rugged rock face in places.</p><br>
<h3>Vilsalpsee mountains</h3><br>
<p>The Vilsalpsee mountains (Vilsalpseeberge) are located in the northeast of the Allgäu Alps between the Oberjoch and Notländ saddles. They are bounded by the Tannheim, Lech, Tyrolean Schwarzwasser and Ostrach valleys. The highest peak is the Leilachspitze, 2,274 m, and main dolomite is the predominant rock. The lake of Vilsalpsee, accessible from the Tannheim valley, lies in the middle of the subgroup. In the literature, this sub-range is sometimes also counted as part of the Tannheim Mountains. Mountain paths pass through the range, but many summits are hardly visited. They may be climbed by experiences mountain walkers without too much difficulty despite the lack of trails to their summits.</p><br>
<h3>Daumen Group</h3><br>
<p>The Daumen Group is located east of the Iller valley. The Himmeleck Saddle links them with the other sub-ranges. Apart from the Iller vallye, the Ostrach, Bergündle and Oybach valleys form its boundaries. The highest summit is the Großer Daumen. The famous Nebelhorn cable car mountain lies within this subgroup as does the Hindelanger Klettersteig. Mountain paths with panoramic views cross the southern part of the Daumen Group. Geologically they are split three ways. The crest around the Nebelhorn and the Großer Daumen consist of main dolomite. The Sonnenköpfe are formed from flysch. And lias rocks, with their steep grass-covered slopes, predominate south of the Nebelhorn. Well known peaks in this region are the Schneck, the Himmelhorn and the Laufbacher Eck.</p><br>
<h3>Höfats and Rauheck Group</h3><br>
<p>The Höfats and Rauheck Group cover that part of the Allgäu main chain between the Märzle and Hornbachjoch saddles. Their defining valleys are those of the Trettach, Traufbach, Oybach, Hornbach and Jochbach. The highest peak is the Rauheck. The steep grass mountains of lias rock dominate here more than in any other subgroup of the Allgäu Alps. The best known mountain and the symbol of the Allgäu Alps – is the Höfats. Other grass mountains are the Rauheck and Kreuzeck on the main crest and the Kegelköpfe. Only in the northern spurs of the Höfats is main dolomite the bedrock. The mountain path between the Kemptner Hut and Prinz Luitpold Haus runs through the subgroup. Otherwise there are hardly any mountains that are accessible on trails.</p><br>
<h3>Hochvogel and Rosszahn Group</h3><br>
<p>This sub-range also covers part of the main chain of the Allgäu, this time between the saddles of Hornbachjoch and Notländ. The Himmeleck is the boundary with the Daumen Group. The surrounding valleys are those of the Jochbach, Hornbach, Lech, Schwarzwasser and Bärgündle. The subgroup is formed predominantly of main dolomite. Its highest peak is the Hochvogel, 2,592 m which is also considered the most attractively shaped mountain in the Allgäu Alps, especially when seen from the north. The Hochvogel, with its main base, the Prinz Luitpold Haus, is also the most climbed mountain in this sub-range by a long chalk. All other peaks in the surrounding area are considerably lower and much less popular. In hardly any other subgroun is the contrast between mass tourism and absolute tranquility so marked. Only a few kilometres from the Hochvogel are the summits of the Rosszahn Group which scarcely receive any visitors.</p><br>
<h3>Rauhhorn ridge</h3><br>
<p>The Rauhhorn ridge is the eastern spur of the Allgäu main chain east of Bad Hindelang. With its numerous summits the mountain ridge runs roughly from south to north. Its western slopes rise above the valley of the Ostrach. To the east runs the long valley of the Schwarzwasser from the foot of the Sattelköpfe and which empties into the Lech south of Weißenbach and should not be confused with its better known counterpart in the Kleinwalsertal. A walk on the Jubilee Trail between the Willersalpe and Prinz Luitpold Haus takes the visitor along a mountain path at considerable height along most of the chain. From the high saddle of Oberjoch the linking trail runs to the Jubilee Trail via Iseler, Bschießer and Ponten to the Willersalpe.</p><br>
<h3>Hornbach chain</h3><br>
<p>The Hornbach chain is the largest side ridge of the main chain of the Allgäu Alps. This subgroup branches from the main ridge at the Öfnerspitze. In the south it is bounded by the Lech valley, in the north by the eponymous en Hornbach valley. In the Hornbach chain is the highest peak of the Allgäu Alps, the Großer Krottenkopf, and several other peaks that belong to the 20 highest mountains in the Allgäu Alps. Despite its importance the Hornbach chain is rather isolated. Its summits consist of main dolomite. Its peaks and high cirques alternate in exemplary fashion. Many – also very high – summits in the Hornbach chain receive only a few visits per year.</p><br>
<h2>Territorial division</h2><br>
<p>The Allgäu Alps as a geographical unit and mountain range of the Alps span two countries and four federal states. The Bavarian portion accounts for slightly more than half of the total area and coincides to a large extent with the catchment area of the River Iller. The Baden-Württemberg portion comprises only the extreme northwest of the Allgäu Alps, in its broader sense, by the Adelegg. The Tyrolean portion largely comprises the Lech river and its tributaries and the Vorarlberg part centres on the catchment area of Bregenzer Ach.</p><br>
<p>At one point, the three states of Bavaria, Tyrol and Vorarlberg meet. This tripoint (Dreiländerpunkt) is relatively unspectacular. It is located a few metres west of the Gehrner Berg. This rather unspectacular elevation is 1.5 km north of the Vorarlberg village of Warth and 4 km west of the Biberkopf.</p><br>
<p>The border between Bavaria and the Tyrol does not precisely follow the European watershed between the North Sea and the Black Sea. For example, the German village of Balderschwang is on the western side of the watershed. Conversely, the Kleines Walsertal belonging to Vorarlberg is on the eastern side of the watershed. The border between Bavaria and Tyrol generally follows the main chain of the Allgäu Alps, however.</p><br>
<p>The Bavarian part of the Allgäu Alps is located entirely within the province of Swabia. The county of Oberallgäu incorporates the central area around the Iller; the county of Ostallgäu contains the northeastern areas such as Tannheim group, and the county of Lindau includes the northwestern part of the Allgäu Alps in its broader sense.</p><br>
<p>The Tyrolean part of the Allgäu Alps is located entirely within Reutte and the Vorarlberg part is entirely within Bregenz.</p><br>
<p>Looking at the Allgäu Alps in a wider sense, including the Adelegg, the German federal state of Baden-Württemberg also has share. This element is located within the administrative region of Tübingen and the county of Ravensburg.</p><br>
<p>The Kleines Walsertal in Vorarlberg and the village of Jungholz in Tyrol are German customs union territories. Both areas are accessible by road only from German territory. Although the Kleines Walsertal has a relatively long border with the rest of Vorarlberg, high mountains have prevented a road connection being built. In the 1960s and 1970s there were plans for a road tunnel between the Kleines Walsertal and the valley of the Bregenzerach. However, the local population turned down the tunnel, on the one hand, because the Kleines Walsertal would have become a corridor for through traffic and, on the other hand, it would still have been further to the central locations of Vorarlberg than the centres of the Allgäu. The village of Jungholz is only connected at one point with the rest of the Tyrol: on the top of the Sorgschrofen.</p><br>
<h2>Peaks</h2><br>
<p>All independent summits with a topographic prominence of over 30 metres are given at the List of mountains of the Allgäu Alps.</p><br>
<h3>The ten highest peaks</h3><br>
<p>The highest peaks of the Allgäu Alps are located either on Austrian soil or on the Austro-German border.</p><br>
<h3>Other well-known summits</h3><br>
<p>In the Allgäu Alps there are over 600 named summits with spot heights. Amongst the better known are the following (in order of height excluding the top ten). Those marked with an asterisk (*) are outside the narrower definition of the Allgäu Alps (see Boundary section):</p><br>
<h3>Grass mountains</h3><br>
<p>The following are the so-called "grass mountains" (Grasberge), made from rocks of the Black Jurassic, whose mountainsides have gradients of up to 70°. They are the distinguishing feature of the Allgäu Alps and are not found in any other mountain group as prominently as they are here (listed in alphabetical order).</p><br>
<p>The John Patrick McNaughton Barn, also known as the McNaughton Barn or the Max Mirage View Farm Barn, is a 3½ story wooden barn located in Ottawa County near Miami, Oklahoma. Built on a rising hill in 1893 as a multi-purpose barn, the McNaughton Barn is still in use today at the Ankenman Ranch, a working cattle ranch.</p><br>
<p>The barn stands on a limestone foundation dug from the hill itself. The structure covers approximately 9600 ft² (842 m²), laid out in a symmetrical, 80 ft by 120 ft (24.3 m by 36.5 m) rectangle with a long, low Dutch hip roof. There is a single gabled dormer on the south side. A cupola can be seen in early photographs of the barn, but it was lost or removed sometime after 1906.</p><br>
<p>The first floor has two aisles of stalls, with dirt floors as part of the barns foundation. One aisle holds 16 stalls for large draft horses, and the other contains 10 stalls for smaller horses and stallions. Each stall has a small window, a grain bin, and a hay trough. The hay trough is fed by a chute from the hay racks on the second floor. The livestock entrances, on the south and east sides of brace posts, are sheltered under the barns roof. The ground floor has four large grain storage areas, floor scales, three tack rooms, an office, a repair and storage area, and a chute from the grain storage areas on the second floor.</p><br>
<p>The second floor, accessed by a wide staircase, holds the grain storage area and hay racks. In earlier times, sleeping quarters for visitors were located on the second floor. A portion of the third floor, accessed by a narrow set of stairs, is open to the second floor, to allow the second floor hay to cure. A pulley system with trap doors to the first floor was used to raise grain to this floor, which was then poured into one of the three grain columns for distribution to the livestock and other storage areas.</p><br>
<p>Over a century of hard work and Oklahoma weather, the barn gradually fell into disrepair. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991 as an "outstanding local example of a massive prairie barn." The Ankenman Ranch began restoration of the McNaughton Barn in 2001, and completed the effort in 2002.</p><br>
<p>Grand Lake is a large lake in the interior of the island of Newfoundland, in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It has an area of 543 km² , making it the largest lake on Newfoundland. Contained within the lake is the 18th largest lake-island in the world, Glover Island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The lake was flooded in 1924 with the construction of the Main Dam to a depth of approximately 11 meters above original lake level. This elevation increase combined Grand Lake with Sandy Lake and Birchy Lake, and engulfed several smaller interconnected ponds and rivers such as Sandy Lake River (Main Brook).</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Today, the lake&#39;s surface elevation varies between 84 and 87.7 meters; it is highest immediately following snow melt in the spring and lowest just before the spring melt begins. It is located on the west side of the Newfoundland, 24 km southeast of the city of Corner Brook. Fed by numerous small streams and brooks, it drains into Deer Lake via the 12 km long Humber Canal, and then via the Humber River, into the Bay of Islands. The lake contains the uninhabited Glover Island (178 km). Together with its feeder lakes, Sandy and Birchy, Grand Lake forms a waterway much used by recreational boaters.</p><br>
<h2>Usage</h2><br>
<p>The lake serves as a reservoir for the hydro-electric generating station at Deer Lake, which was constructed to provide electricity to the pulp and paper mill at Corner Brook.</p><br>
<p>Haukivesi is a lake in southeastern Finland and a part of the Saimaa lake system. Haukivesi is the central basin of the system, collecting 80% of the water that eventually flows into Lake Laatokka through River Vuoksi. Its area is 562.31 km&sup2; . Like other lakes in the system, it has a convoluted shoreline with numerous islands and is divided into a number of smaller regions  such as Siitinselkä, Saviluoto, Tahkoselkä, Vuoriselkä, Kuokanselkä, Kuivaselkä, Heposelkä, Peonselkä, Tuunaanselkä, Hiekonselkä, Varparannanselkä, and Iso-Haukivesi.</p><br>
<p>Most water flows from the east, through Tappuvirta, Oravikoski and Haponlahti locks. A smaller inflow is from the north, through Pirtinvirta in Varkaus. Of the lakes in the Saimaa lake system, Haukivesi receives the most nutrients. The water quality varies with location, because of the differences between the water qualities of the inflows. In Haukivesi, more nutrient-rich water flowing from the north mixes with purer waters from the east. The largest individual pollution sources are the city of Varkaus and its pulp mills, although smaller settlements and diffuse pollution from agriculture and forestry contribute. The lake was heavily polluted by the pulp mills up to the 70s, but stricter regulation forced the mills to treat their wastewaters, and thus the lake recovered.</p><br>
<p>The southernmost part of Haukivesi is Haapavesi, and most of its southern shoreline is covered by the city of Savonlinna. Water flows via Matarinsalmi sound into Haapavesi, from where it flows through several channels into the Pihlajavesi part of Saimaa.</p><br>
<p>Linnansaari National Park is located in the middle of the lake. The name Haukivesi means "pike water", and indeed, the lake is known as a good place to catch pikes, in addition to bream, perch and zander. However, there are restrictions on fishing because of the national park and protection of the endangered Saimaa ringed seal.</p><br>
<p>Keitele is a rather large lake located in Central Finland. With the area of 493.59 km² it is the 9th largest lake in the country. The lake is divided into three regions, Ylä-, Keski-, and Ala-Keitele, of which Keski-Keitele is the largest. Water in the lake is clear and in an excellent condition. The towns of Äänekoski and Viitasaari are located on the shores of Keitele.</p><br>
<p>The northernmost part of the lake is called Ylä-Keitele. A big part of Ylä-Keitele belongs to Natura 2000 protection program due to its clear water and natural condition.</p><br>
<p>A leading figure in modern Finnish painting, Akseli Gallen-Kallela first worked at Lake Keitele, in summer 1904. This Lake Keitele landscape is his third and most elaborate depiction of the lake, and he exhibited it in Helsinki that same year. The painting is signed with the Swedish form of the artist&#39;s name; in later years he used the Finnish form, as above, by which he is best known today. This painting now hangs in the National Gallery, London.</p><br>
<p>General Electric Research Laboratory, the first industrial research facility in the United States, was established in 1900. It is located in Schenectady, New York. Schenectady is nicknamed "The City that Lights and Hauls the World." This lab was home to the early technological breakthroughs of General Electric and created a research and development environment that set the standard for industrial innovation for years to come. It developed into GE Global Research that now covers an array of technological research, ranging from healthcare to transportation systems, at multiple locations throughout the world. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Founding</h3><br>
<p>Founded in 1900 by Thomas Edison, Willis R. Whitney, and Charles Steinmetz, this lab defined industrial research for years to come. Elihu Thomson, one of the founding members of the laboratory, summed up the goal of the lab saying, “It does seem to me therefore that a Company as large as the General Electric Company, should not fail to continue investing and developing in new fields: there should, in fact, be a research laboratory for commercial applications of new principles, and even for the discovery of those principles." Whitney and the founders of the research lab took many of their lab ideals from a German university model. German universities allowed professors to research and experiment with their own interests to seek further knowledge without having commercial or economic interests in mind. Other German scientists also researched exclusively with business in mind. But, these two views contributed to a successful relationship between science and industry. It was this success that influenced Whitney in his vision for the GE Research Lab.</p><br>
<p>The laboratory began at a time when the American electrification process was in its infant stage. General Electric became the leader of this move toward electrifying the United States and developing new technologies for many other science and technology fields. Willis Whitney and his assistant, Thomas Dempster, were the key researchers in developing the electrical technology that allowed the laboratory to continue to grow. Nearly 30 years after its founding, the laboratory had expanded the staff to more than 400 chemists, physicists, and electrical engineers, plus their assistants.</p><br>
<h3>Early success</h3><br>
<p>It took several years for the lab to follow through with the vision to create all original innovations, instead of improving on the inventions already in place. GE’s earliest project was perfecting the incandescent light bulb. In 1908, engineer and new head researcher William Coolidge invented the ductile tungsten light bulb filament, providing a more durable and long-lasting light filament than the existing technology. “The invention secured GEs technological leadership in the market and epitomized the role of the GE research lab — bringing innovation to the marketplace." But, that work was still an improvement on existing technology and nothing entirely new. In the coming years, GE scientists earned two Nobel Prizes in chemistry and physics. In 1932, Irving Langmuir won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work on surface chemical reactions which helped him develop the gas-filled light bulb in 1916. After patenting many inventions, Langmuir developed his new light bulb which reinvented lights altogether. By 1928, due to Langmuirs innovation, GE held 96% of incandescent light sales in America. That entirely new invention set GE on a path to follow through with Whitney and Rice&#39;s vision for the lab.</p><br>
<h3>Later history</h3><br>
<p>Starting with the success of the incandescent and gas-filled light bulbs, General Electric expanded its research to a range of technological and scientific fields. It strove for commercial goals in any innovation they achieved. Throughout its history, the General Electric Research Laboratory has earned thousands of patents for innovative technology, redefining industries and commercial products.</p><br>
<p>In 1999, the laboratory became GE Global Research after opening a research center in Bangalore, India. GE now has research laboratories in New York, Oklahoma, India, China, Germany, and Brazil, all of which make up GE&#39;s push for global innovation. GE has expanded its research beyond lighting to appliances, aviation, electrical distribution, energy, healthcare, media & entertainment, oil & gas, transportation, and water, along with numerous other fields. They employ 3,000 employees and continue to bring innovation and technology to the world, the same goal of General Electric that was first proposed by Whitney and Steinmetz.</p><br>
<h2>Notable historic innovations</h2><br>
<p>1900: GE Industrial Research Laboratory is established</p><br>
<p>1902: Electric fan</p><br>
<p>1908: Tungsten light bulb filament</p><br>
<p>1910: First electric hotpoint range</p><br>
<p>1916: Gas-filled light bulb</p><br>
<p>1918: Record-capacity water wheel generator at Niagara Falls</p><br>
<p>1918: Trans-oceanic radio system</p><br>
<p>1920: Portable x-ray machine</p><br>
<p>1921: GE turbosupercharger engine helps an aircraft reach a record altitude</p><br>
<p>1921: Magnetron vacuum tube</p><br>
<p>1927: First television brought into the home</p><br>
<p>1941: First USA Jet Engine</p><br>
<p>1943: First auto-pilot system</p><br>
<p>1946: Cloud seeding developed</p><br>
<p>1949: The J47 jet engine is developed, which came to be the most produced gas turbine jet engine in history</p><br>
<p>1962: Solid-state laser</p><br>
<p>1969: Key technologies in the first moon landing</p><br>
<p>1976: Computed Tomography (CT) scanner</p><br>
<p>1983: Signa Magnetic Resonance Imaging system (MRI)</p><br>
<p>2002: Popularization of wind turbines</p><br>
<p>2003: Fuel-efficient Evolution Series locomotive engine</p><br>
<p>2007: First 24 cylinder internal combustion engine</p><br>
<h2>Notable employees</h2><br>
<p>Frank Benford, electrical engineer and physicist best known for rediscovering and generalizing Benford&#39;s law</p><br>
<p>Alexander Stepanov, computer scientist</p><br>
<p>Charles Coffin, businessman and engineer</p><br>
<p>Charles Proteus Steinmetz, mathematician and electrical engineer</p><br>
<p>David Musser, computer scientist</p><br>
<p>Elihu Thomson, engineer and inventor</p><br>
<p>Irving Langmuir, Nobel Laureate, chemist and physicist</p><br>
<p>Ivar Giaever, Nobel Laureate and physicist</p><br>
<p>LeRoy Apker, solid-state physicist</p><br>
<p>George C. Baldwin, theoretical and experimental physicist</p><br>
<p>Ralph Alpher, cosmologist</p><br>
<p>Thomas Edison, inventor, scientist and businessman</p><br>
<p>William David Coolidge, physicist</p><br>
<p>Willis Rodney Whitney, chemist</p><br>
<p>The Montgomery–Grand–Liberty Streets historic district was the first of two to be designated in the city of Newburgh, New York, United States. It runs along the three named north-south streets in the northeast quadrant of the city and includes 250 buildings in its 1,010 acres.</p><br>
<p>Much of the districts historical character comes from its historic homes, dating to the 19th century. Many were built by local industrialists to take advantage of the views over the Hudson River available from the neighborhood. Some incorporated groundbreaking design trends pioneered by Newburgh native Andrew Jackson Downing, making the area important in architectural history. It was thus added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. Three contributing properties — the David Crawford House, Old Town Cemetery, and Newburghs main post office — are separately listed on the Register, and one, the Dutch Reformed Church, has been recognized as a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The district was defined and recognized by the city, then the state and finally the National Register when historic preservationists in the city worried about the effects of urban renewal on a neglected asset. The Dutch Reformed Church had only recently been saved from demolition after almost a decade of vacancy; before that, the Crawford House had come close to being bulldozed for a school parking lot.</p><br>
<p>In 1977, the city council enlarged the district greatly and renamed it the East End Historic District, including Washington&#39;s Headquarters State Historic Site and other buildings in the neighborhoods south of Broadway. It established a zoning code to maintain a consistent appearance of new construction in the district and a seven-member Architectural Review Commission to enforce it. In 1985 a smaller version of the East End district was listed separately on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>Some of the urban decay and blight that has been a problem in that district is visible within the Montgomery–Grand–Liberty corridor. The most visible example is the cobblestone surface of Liberty Street, neglected for many years and frequently cut open by local utility companies for repairs and resurfaced with asphalt. The city has restored it in patches and would like to do the entire street, but lacks the money.</p><br>
<p>Many of the homes in the district (particularly the northern blocks) have been attractive to new residents who have often renovated them. Much of the district retains its original character of a leafy residential neighborhood.</p><br>
<h2>Contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>In addition to the four noted above, the district is also home to the Warren House, considered a textbook example of the villa-style house advocated by Downing (although designed by Calvert Vaux), the 1842 Orange County courthouse designed by Thornton Niven (a copy of his contemporary Goshen courthouse), the gambrel-roofed Selah Reeve House that carried Newburgh and the Hudson far and wide on a popular piece of 18th-century kitchenware, and many of Newburgh&#39;s oldest churches.</p><br>
<p>Adams Power Plant Transformer House in Niagara Falls, New York is a National Historic Landmarked building constructed in 1895. It is the only remaining structure that was part of the historic Edward Dean Adams Power Plant, the first large-scale, alternating current electric generating plant in the world, built in 1895. The building&#39;s eponym was Edward Dean Adams, a businessman and entrepreneur in the electrical field.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Adams power plant followed an 1886 plan by engineer Thomas Evershed to tap the power of Niagara Falls, which involved a "hydraulic canal" and a 7,500 ft brick-lined tunnel, when the Niagara Falls Power Company was formed. The Cataract Construction Company, a new company formed to exploit the opportunity, led by president Edward Dean Adams, first formed the International Niagara Commission in 1890 to come up with a plan for harnessing the Falls. The Commission favored electricity, but could not recommend a solution to Cataract.</p><br>
<p>In 1892, George Forbes was hired as a technical consultant and in May 1893 he convinced the company to build a hydroelectric system based on polyphase alternating current. Westinghouse Electric was subcontracted to build 5,000 hp 25 Hz AC generators, based on the work of Nikola Tesla and Benjamin G. Lamme, while the I. P. Morris Company of Philadelphia built the turbines based on the design of the Swiss company Faesch and Piccard.</p><br>
<p>The power plant went into operation on August 25, 1895. The transformer house building was designed by the architectural firm of McKim, Mead, and White. Locally quarried limestone was used in its construction. The transformer house was "built on the upper river, above deep excavations housing twenty-one generating units. Tailwater from the generators passed into a 7000-ft tailrace tunnel, which conveyed the water beneath the city to the lower river, near the present-day site of the Rainbow Bridge. The 18-ft by 21-ft tunnel required over 3 years to build, used more than 16 million bricks in a four-course lining. It also cost the lives of twenty-eight workers."</p><br>
<p>The Niagara Power Station No. 1, as it was then called, would eventually generate 50,000 hp of electricity. There were 10 generator rated 5,000 hp of the outside revolving field, vertical shaft type. The generators were separated into two banks of five generators each with independent switchboards. The output was at 2,000 volts to serve in and around Niagara Falls. There were transformers to step up the voltage to 10,000 volts to serve the medium distance around Niagara Falls areas. The voltage was also stepped up to 20,000 to serve the longer distance for Buffalo, Lockport, and Tonawanda. The station was the model for a second similar station built in 1904. The entire plant was officially named after Edward Dean Adams in 1927.</p><br>
<p>The original Westinghouse generators remained in operation in the transformer house until the plant closed in 1961, having been replaced by the Robert Moses Niagara Power Plant and the Lewiston Pump-Generating Plant.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1983 and an IEEE Milestone in 1990. It is located off 15th St., just south of Buffalo Avenue. It is a major contributing feature to the Niagara Falls National Heritage Area.</p><br>
<p>Clear Lake is a mountain lake 86 mi  northeast of Eugene, Oregon, United States in Linn County. It has two main bodies connected by a bottleneck. The lake is primarily fed by snow runoff from nearby Mount Washington and the surrounding areas. The runoff filters through underground caverns for more than 20 years before emptying into Clear Lake. The lake is also fed by two small creeks which may dry up seasonally.</p><br>
<p>Clear Lake is the headwaters of the McKenzie River, which is the sole source of drinking water for Eugene.</p><br>
<h2>Diving</h2><br>
<p>Clear Lake is reported to be one of the most exceptional freshwater dive spots in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Submerged 100 ft deep in the lake is a stand of upright trees that were killed approximately 3,000 years ago when volcanic activity created the lake. The trees are remarkably preserved due to the cold year-round water temperatures of between 35–43 °F (1.6–6 °C).</p><br>
<p>The Point Richmond Historic District is the downtown area of Point Richmond in Richmond, California, and is on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This historic district developed in the late 1890s when the San Francisco and San Joaquin Valley Railway occupied 57 acre of land in the area that is now the neighborhood downtown of Point Richmond. The acres were bought by the Santa Fe Railroad upon completion and at the same time the Pacific Coast Oil Company (later Standard Oil, today Chevron) acquired adjacent lands and built an oil refinery. The completion of these projects attracted the first residents to this area.</p><br>
<p>Point Richmond served as the downtown district of Richmond until the city expanded along the central flatlands of western Contra Costa County during the beginning of the 20th century. This citys expansion led to a larger downtown to the northeast which was exacerbated by tens of thousands of World War II shipbuilding workers. Point Richmond was the terminal of the East Shore & Suburban Railways Refinery-County Line route; that rail system was a predecessor of the Key System.</p><br>
<p>Today maps are provided by the city of Richmonds Convention and Visitors Bureau for individuals to take walking tours of the historic zone. The historic area is now only a small portion of the larger neighborhood but still serves as the center for neighborhood businesses and civic affairs. There was much controversy regarding the inclusion of a Starbucks café in 2004 as the area had up until that point not had any chain stores, although many residents opposed the coffee shop it opened in that same year and the residents have calmed regarding the subject.</p><br>
<p>The Historic District is accessible from Interstate 580, Richmond Parkway, Macdonald Avenue, Cutting Boulevard. AC Transit bus route 72M MacDonald connects with the Richmond BART and Amtrak Station. Golden Gate Transit routes 40 and 42 connect with the station and Marin County; the former serves del Norte Station.</p><br>
<p>Bouldnor Cliff is a submerged prehistoric settlement site in the Solent. The site dates from the Mesolithic era and is in approximately 11 m of water just offshore of the village of Bouldnor on the Isle of Wight in the United Kingdom. The preservation of organic materials from this era that do not normally survive on dry land has made Bouldnor important to the understanding of Mesolithic Britain, and the BBC Radio 4s Making History programme described it "probably Europes most important Mesolithic site" albeit concealed under water.</p><br>
<p>The site was first discovered by divers from the Hampshire and Wight Trust for Maritime Archaeology (now the Maritime Archaeology Trust) in 1999, when a lobster was observed discarding worked flint tools from its burrow on the seabed.</p><br>
<h2>Site formation</h2><br>
<p>Investigations suggest that during the Mesolithic era, between 8000 and 4000 BC, the western Solent was a sheltered river basin, rich in woodland and fed by a river at Lymington and drained by the Western Yar at Freshwater. As sea levels rose, the Solent eventually flooded and the settlement area was swamped. The rising waters deposited silt and mud onto the original land surface, covering and preserving it.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery</h2><br>
<p>Fishermen had reported recovering stone tools from the seabed of the Solent since the 1960s, but it was not until 1987 that the submerged remains of an ancient forest were discovered at Bouldnor. Later radiocarbon dating of pollen revealed this to be approximately 8,000 years old. Subsequently, regular dives revealed a submerged cliff east of Yarmouth with large quantities of peat that dated to a similar period.</p><br>
<p>The Hampshire and Wight Trust for Maritime Archaeology began mapping the cliff face and selected four main sites of interest (named BC 1–4). It was while diving in 11 m of water on BC 2 in 1999, that divers noticed a burrowing lobster discarding worked flints from its burrow. The lobster had burrowed through thick mud deposits that had formed since the Solent flooded, and into the original surface of the cliff when the Solent was dry.</p><br>
<p>Since 1999, divers have excavated at Bouldnor every year. Further discoveries were made at BC 2 and BC 4, and a later a new site was discovered nearby (BC 5). The dangerous diving conditions in the fast flowing waters of the Solent make archaeological investigation particularly difficult and archaeologists have used several new techniques to make analysis of the sea bed easier. This has included box sampling – collecting large areas of sea bed in metal tins to raise them to the surface and more thoroughly excavate their contents on dry land.</p><br>
<h2>Findings</h2><br>
<p>Archaeologists have discovered large quantities of burnt flints, mounds of timbers and pits dug into the ground. Wood from this era does not normally preserve well in land environments, so the quantity of wood found at Bouldnor makes the site of international importance.</p><br>
<p>Under a large mound of worked timbers at BC 5, archaeologists discovered large areas of burnt clay, burnt flint and charcoal, which has been interpreted as the floor of a living space. Other timbers show signs of having been extensively worked on. Some split oak suggests that particularly large structures, or possibly boats, were being constructed at the site. Another timber shows signs of having been fashioned as a type of conduit, which is not something that has ever been seen in Mesolithic archaeology before. Some of the worked timbers indicate technological skills that had previously only been associated with the Neolithic era, 2000 years later than Bouldnor.</p><br>
<p>Burnt hazelnuts and oak charcoal have also been found at BC 5. Like the wood, these types of organic material do not normally survive well in dry, land based, environments. A pit dug into the clay at BC 5 had been filled with burnt clay nodules, charcoal and burnt stones, which had been covered with a large piece of wood. Examining the pit walls revealed that the pit had probably been filled with hot stones on several occasions. Other trenches have revealed chipped wood flakes, flint knapping flakes and even wound fibres that appear to have been used as string. Many of the finds suggest evidence of small scale industry as well as settlement.</p><br>
<p>The work done at Bouldnor is exhibited in the Maritime Archaeology Trust&#39;s Sunken Secrets exhibition at Fort Victoria on the Isle of Wight.</p><br>
<h3>International trade</h3><br>
<p>Research published in 2015 has identified wheat DNA at the site. As this wheat is of a type not native to Britain, it suggests the possibility of trade with Europe much earlier than had previously been supposed by archaeologists. This claim was questioned and it was suggested that the wheat DNA was too pristine and probably represents contamination. However, the original authors published a response to this contested point.</p><br>
<p>The David Sutherland House is one of three associated with that family along Angola Road in Cornwall, New York, United States. It is the oldest, a 1770 fieldstone structure .</p><br>
<p>David was a descendant of William Sutherland, one of the town&#39;s first settlers. The family had been dispossessed of most of the large acreage they owned in the area, but some members had managed to keep, or later reacquire, small parcels. He built the house on one of them, now reduced and subdivided to the three-quarter acre (2,940 m²) lot it stands one today. Due to the steep hillside, the house has no cellar and the top story is at ground level in the rear.</p><br>
<p>It has remained relatively unchanged since then. It is located on the north side of the road, about midway between downtown Cornwall and US 9W. The house of Sutherlands grandson Daniel is a short distance to the northeast, closer to town; his son Josephs Cromwell Manor is a mile to the southwest. The inside of the house contains the original fireplace, with Federal style mantel, some doors, and timber supports in the kitchen.</p><br>
<p>Sutherland sold it to his nephew Patrick, a veteran of the Revolutionary War, in 1784. He was a person of some prominence in the town, and records indicate the Town Board met there in 1798 and again between 1800 and 1805. The year after that, he left the region for the Finger Lakes and the house has passed through many owners since. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>Franklin Castle  is a Victorian stone house, built in the American Queen Anne style, located at 4308 Franklin Boulevard in Cleveland&#39;s Ohio City neighborhood. The building has four stories and more than twenty rooms and 80 windows. In the late nineteenth century, when it was built, Franklin Boulevard was one of the most prestigious residential avenues in Cleveland. It is purported to be the most haunted house in Ohio.</p><br>
<p>On 15 March 1982, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1881-1883 by the famed architectural firm of Cudell & Richardson for Hannes Tiedemann, a prosperous German immigrant.</p><br>
<p>On January 15, 1891, Tiedemanns fifteen-year-old daughter Emma succumbed to diabetes. The house saw its second death not long afterwards when Tiedemanns elderly mother, Wiebeka, died. During the next three years the Tiedemanns would bury three more children, giving rise to speculation that there was more to the deaths than met the eye.</p><br>
<p>To distract his wife, Louise, from these tragedies, Tiedemann began extensive construction on the home, adding a ballroom which runs the length of the house on the fourth floor of the manor. Also during this building, turrets and gargoyles were added to the edifice&#39;s facade, giving the house an even more pronounced "castle" appearance.</p><br>
<p>It is rumored that hidden rooms and passageways were used for bootlegging during Prohibition. Though rumored, none of these rooms or passageways exist other than a small stairway used by servants from the kitchen to the front door.</p><br>
<p>Louise Tiedemann died from a liver disease on March 24, 1895, at the age of fifty-seven. The next year, Hannes sold the house to the Mullhauser family, and by 1908 he and the entire Tiedemann family were dead, leaving no one to inherit his considerable personal wealth.</p><br>
<p>Rumors of crimes committed in the house by Tiedemann (including sexual indiscretions and murder) have contributed to Franklin Castle&#39;s reputation as a haunted house.</p><br>
<h2>Middle years</h2><br>
<p>From 1921 to 1968 the house functioned as a home to various German and cultural organizations. In January 1968, James Romano, his wife, and six children settled in the home. The Romano family reported several encounters with ghosts in their new home, and attempted exorcisms and even had a now-defunct ghost-hunting group (the Northeast Ohio Psychical Research Society) investigate the castle. By 1974, the Romanos decided to leave the house, and sold it to Sam Muscatello, who planned to turn the castle into a church. To raise money for the church, haunted house tours and overnight stays at the castle were offered.</p><br>
<p>In 1982, the location was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In early 1984, Michael DeVinko, Judy Garland&#39;s fifth and last husband, purchased Franklin Castle and almost immediately started making major renovations to the house. Over the next ten years, DeVinko spent close to one million dollars renovating the Castle, even going so far as to track down some of the original furnishings for the Castle. Despite all this, DeVinko put the house up for sale in 1994. A skeleton was discovered in a closet around the 1990s, according to the Plain Dealer.</p><br>
<h2>Recent history</h2><br>
<p>There was a series of owners in the past thirty years. The castle was empty from 1994 until in 1999, Michelle Heimberger bought the castle and carriage house for $350,000 using part of her Yahoo! stock windfall as one of the company&#39;s early employees. A native Clevelander, Heimberger was fascinated with the home and purchased it with intentions of restoring the old gal to her former glory. Unfortunately, that same year, a fire badly damaged the castle. Though extensive repairs were done, the house restoration could not be completed.</p><br>
<p>In 2004 there were rumors that Franklin Castle was going to be completely renovated and turned into the Franklin Castle Club. As of 2006, the entire club was proven to be a complete sham, no repairs had ever been made, and the pictures on the website were all either close-up shots of individual architecture, or pictures stolen from other websites. No work had ever been done, no memberships had ever been sold, and there was also evidence that the Castle had been used to shoot pornography. Around this time, though, the exterior stone of the building was cleaned and the parapet, on the left side of the facade, was rebuilt according to the 18th-century design.</p><br>
<p>Unfortunately, the house would meet with tragedy again in March 2011 when the carriage house was damaged in a fire.</p><br>
<p>It was announced in July 2011 that the Franklin Castle had been rezoned to allow it to become a 3 family dwelling, and that a sale was pending.</p><br>
<p>Franklin Castle was purchased in 2011 for $260,000 by a European tapestry artist named Chiara Dona dalle Rose. A permit for residential exterior alterations was issued by the city in February, 2012. Local new sources have reported that the buyer intends to convert the building into three family homes and dwelling in two of the spaces.</p><br>
<p>In March 2017, the reality TV series Paranormal Lockdown featured the Franklin Castle in its season 1 Episode 3.</p><br>
<p>The Oliver Brewster House is a Gothic Revival home located on Willow Avenue in Cornwall, New York, United States, right across from Willow Avenue Elementary School. It was originally built as a farmhouse in the mid-19th century. Later, as Cornwall became a popular summer resort for visitors from New York City, it was expanded and renovated for use as a boardinghouse as well.</p><br>
<h2>Property</h2><br>
<p>The house sits on a four-acre "flag lot", with trees and shrubs, so called for its deeper setback from neighboring houses on the street and narrower access between them. There are seven buildings and structures on the property, six of which are considered contributing resources to the National Register listing.</p><br>
<p>The main building is two stories high, five bays wide and sided in narrow clapboard. It has two-one-story wings, three bays on the northwest and two on the southeast. The gable-fronted roof, pierced by a brick chimney on the northwest, has overhanging eaves with exposed rafters. A molded cornice also marks all the house&#39;s rooflines. The exposed basement is made of stone.</p><br>
<p>A flat-roofed raised wooden porch with bracketed cornice supported by elaborate lattice-style columns runs the length of the first story on the front (southwest) facade, across the main block and both wings. A similar porch on the northeast (rear) has been enclosed with glass.</p><br>
<p>The centrally-located main entrance is a paneled wood door in a recessed entryway with a wooden surround and sidelights. It leads into a main hallway with large flanking rooms and many original furnishings. These include the flooring, ceiling molding, marble fireplaces and mantels, pocket doors between the parlors and the original staircase with newel post and balustrade.</p><br>
<p>Southeast of the house is the first of the contributing properties: a bracketed, hip-roofed wellhouse. Behind it is a two-story carriage barn with gabled roof and board-and-batten siding. There is also a small gable-roofed privy behind it.</p><br>
<p>The main barn has a jerkin roof on the end gable. Three of its four bays have had modern garage doors installed; the other one has a wooden paneled double door with loft door above. A nearby shed is vertically sided with a gable roof. The property also has a modern frame garage, its only noncontributing resource.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Brewster built the house, then the main block and southeast wing, around 1850 on property owned at the time by the De Crissey family, which he had recently married into. He and his wife began growing fruit, primarily strawberries, raspberries and other small berries on the farm. They were the first in the Hudson Valley to cultivate the Niagara grape.</p><br>
<p>Not long afterwards, the summer boarding industry began to become a major part of Cornwall&#39;s economy. Like other local farmers, such as Wilford Wood and Samuel Brooks, he expanded his home to take in summer boarders. Around 1860 he added the northwest wing for this purpose.</p><br>
<p>It has remained a private house ever since.</p><br>
<p>It has survived mostly intact from that era, unlike most other converted farmhouses in the area. Several farm-related outbuildings on the property are also intact. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 8, 1996.</p><br>
